Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- ONE The Human Embryo and Embryonic Growth Disorganization -- STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT -- Fertilization and Implantation (Stages 1-3) -- Gastrulation -- Implantation -- Second Week of Development (Stages 4 and 5) -- Third Week of Development (Stages 6-9) -- Fourth Week of Development (Stages 10-12: Up to Day 28, End of Blastogenesis) -- Fifth Week of Development (Stages 13-15) -- Sixth Week of Development (Stages 16 and 17) -- Seventh Week of Development (Stages 18 and 19) -- Eighth Week of Development (Stages 20-23) -- Prenatal Evaluation of Growth by Ultrasound -- Examination of Products of Conception -- Growth Disorganization (GD) -- REFERENCES -- TWO Late Fetal Death, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Death -- PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LATE FETAL DEATH -- Umbilical Cord -- Membranes -- Placental Disc Abnormalities -- Fetal Abnormalities in Stillbirths -- Kleihauer-Betke Test -- MATERNAL FACTORS IN STILLBIRTH -- NEONATAL DEATHS -- Prematurity and Complications of Preterm Birth -- Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy -- Perivascular Leukomalacia -- Porencephaly -- Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) -- Congenital Malformations -- Infections in the Newborn -- Infant of Diabetic Mother -- Complications of Amniocentesis (see Chapter 10) Amniotic Fluid and Meconium Aspiration -- Birth Trauma -- Occipital Osteodiastasis -- Blood Dyscrasia -- Metabolic Disorders (see Chapter 24) -- NEONATAL REFERENCES -- FETAL, STILLBORN, AND NEONATAL DEATH REFERENCES -- THREE Fetal Autopsy -- PLACENTAL CHANGES AFTER FETAL DEATH -- EXAMINATION OF THE PLACENTA -- ROENTGENOGRAPHIC EXAM -- PHOTOGRAPHS -- EQUIPMENT -- CLINICAL INFORMATION -- EXTERNAL EXAM -- CYTOGENETICS -- INITIAL INCISION -- IN SITU EXAMINATION OF THE ABDOMEN.

IN SITU EXAMINATION OF THE THORAX -- IN SITU EXAMINATION OF THE HEART -- Opening the Heart In Situ -- EVISCERATION -- SPECIAL PROCEDURES -- Removal of the Tongue -- REMOVAL OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA -- EXAMINATION OF THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM -- OTHER PROCEDURES -- REMOVING THE BRAIN -- REMOVING THE SPINAL CORD - ANTERIOR APPROACH -- REMOVING THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INTACT - POSTERIOR APPROACH -- THE PITUITARY -- REMOVING THE EYES -- REMOVING THE TEMPORAL BONE -- DISSECTING THE ORGAN BLOCK -- PERFUSION FIXATION AND WINDOWING OF THE HEART -- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION -- ARTIFACTS -- DILATATION AND EVACUATION -- REFERENCES -- FOUR -- Part I. Ultrasound of Embryo and Fetus: General Principles -- ABSTRACT -- PHYSICS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- Routine Antepartum Sonography -- Indications for Antenatal Sonography -- Assessment of Fetal Well-being -- Sonographic Study Profiles -- Components of Sonographic Studies -- Prenatal Diagnostic Screening -- Clinical Significance of Anomalous Findings -- A Priori Risk -- Special Considerations on Early Pregnancy Sonography -- SUMMARY OF ULTRASOUND EVALUATION IN PREGNANCY -- REFERENCES -- Part II. Major Organ System Malformations -- ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE HEAD AND NECK -- CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES -- SPINAL COLUMN -- Abdominal Sonography -- Bowel Echogenicity -- Bowel -- Hepatomegaly -- Syndromic Associations of Gastrointestinal Anomalies -- THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM -- THORAX -- Chest Masses -- SKELETON AND LIMBS -- Skeletal Anomalies -- Single Umbilical Artery -- Targeted Fetal Echocardiography -- Fetal Cardiac Dysrhythmias -- Evaluation for IUGR -- REFERENCES -- Part III. Advances in First Trimester Ultrasound -- MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO -- Five Weeks -- Six Weeks -- Seven Weeks -- Eight Weeks -- Nine to Ten Weeks -- Eleven to Twelve Weeks.

FETAL NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY AND THE USE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND -- REFERENCES -- FIVE Abnormalities of Placenta -- EXAMINATION OF PLACENTA -- PLACENTA -- ABNORMAL PLACENTAL WEIGHT -- ABNORMAL COLOR -- ABNORMAL PLACENTAL SHAPE -- PLACENTA ACCRETA, INCRETA, PERCRETA -- PLACENTA PREVIA -- PLACENTAL ABRUPTION -- INTERVILLOUS THROMBUS -- INFARCTION -- MATERNAL FLOOR INFARCTION -- NONHYDROPIC VILLOUS EDEMA -- NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELLS AND FETAL VESSELS -- CHORANGIOSIS -- VILLITIS -- ABNORMAL MATURATION -- CHORANGIOMAS -- INTERVILLOUS FIBRIN DEPOSITION -- ABNORMAL CELLS IN THE INTERVILLOUS SPACE -- DECIDUAL VASCULOPATHY -- DECIDUAL INFLAMMATION -- VILLOUS HYDROPS -- MEMBRANES -- SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA -- AMNION NODOSUM -- MECONIUM STAINING -- CHORIOAMNIONITIS -- AMNIOTIC BANDS -- EXTRACHORIAL PRESENTATION -- CHORIONIC VASCULAR THROMBOSIS -- MULTIPLE GESTATIONS -- Fetus Papyraceous -- UMBILICAL CORD -- SINGLE UMBILICAL ARTERY -- Velamentous Insertion of the Cord -- KNOTS -- UMBILICAL VASCULAR THROMBOSIS -- UMBILICAL CORD HEMATOMA -- Cord Length -- UMBILICAL CORD STRICTURE -- UMBILICAL CORD TORSION -- Cord Inflammation -- MECONIUM -- MOLAR PREGNANCY -- Complete Hydatidiform Mole (CMM) -- Partial Hydatidiform Mole (PHM) -- REFERENCES -- SIX Chromosomal Abnormalities in the Embryo and Fetus -- TRISOMY 21 -- Genetic Aspects -- TRISOMY 13 -- Genetic Aspects -- TRISOMY 18 -- TRISOMY 22 -- TRISOMY 8 -- Genetic Aspects -- 5P- [CRI DU CHAT] -- Genetic Aspects -- TRIPLOIDY -- MONOSOMY X (TURNER SYNDROME) -- Genetic Aspects -- KLINEFELTER SYNDROME -- CONFINED PLACENTAL MOSAICISM -- REFERENCES -- SEVEN Terminology of Errors of Morphogenesis -- MALFORMATION -- Developmental Fields -- The Midline -- Mild Malformations Versus Minor Anomalies -- Holoprosencephaly -- Otocephaly -- Robinson Defect -- Sirenomelia -- Polytopic Developmental Field Defect (PFD) -- Associations.

MURCS Association (Polytopic Field Defect) -- CHARGE Association (Polytopic Field Defect) -- Schisis Association (Polytopic Field Defect) -- Disruption (See Chapter on Disruptions) -- Sequence -- Potter Sequence -- Pierre Robin Sequence -- Prune-Belly Sequence and Related Defects -- DiGeorge Sequence -- Dysplasia (See Chapter 9) -- PERIODS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT -- Blastogenesis -- DEFORMITIES -- REFERENCES -- EIGHT Malformation Syndromes -- Hanhart and Poland-Möbius Complexes -- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) (OMIM #130650) -- Meckel Syndrome (OMIM *249000) -- Brachmann-De Lange Syndrome (OMIM 112370) -- Dubowitz Syndrome (OMIM #223370) -- Robinow (Fetal Face) Syndrome (OMIM *180700) -- Opitz (GBBB) Syndrome (OMIM *300000) -- Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome) (OMIM #154500) - (See Also Craniofacial Chapter) -- Roberts Syndrome (OMIM *268300) -- Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (OMIM #180849) -- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLO syndrome) (OMIM #270400) -- Leprechaunism (OMIM #246200) -- Williams Syndrome (OMIM #194050) -- Holt-Oram Syndrome (HOS) (OMIM #142900) -- Thrombocytopenia - Aplasia of Radius (TAR Syndrome) (OMIM *274000) -- Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz Syndrome) (OMIM *305600) -- Hydrolethalus Syndrome (See CNS Chapter) (OMIM *236680) -- Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome (OMIM #309400) -- Seckel Syndrome (OMIM *210600) -- Zellweger Syndrome (ZS) (OMIM #214100) -- Fryns (anophthalmia-plus) Syndrome (OMIM *229850) -- Batsocas-Papas Syndrome (Popliteal Pterygium syndrome) (119500) -- REFERENCES -- NINE Dysplasias -- CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIAS -- Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen Disease) (OMIM *162200) -- Tuberous Sclerosis (See Also Renal Chapter) (TS) (OMIM #191100) -- von Hippel-Lindau Disease (See Also Renal Chapter) (vHL) (OMIM *193300) -- Marfan Syndrome (OMIM #154700) -- PROTEUS SYNDROME (OMIM 176920).

Pallister-Hall Syndrome (Hamartoblastoma Syndrome) (OMIM # 146510) -- Gorlin Syndrome (Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome [BCNS]) (OMIM #109400) -- METABOLIC DYSPLASIAS -- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (OMIM *130650) (See Chapter 8) (Table 9.17) -- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) (OMIM #171400) -- Multiple Hamartoma (Cowden) Syndrome (OMIM #158350) -- METABOLIC DYSPLASIA SYNDROMES (SEE CHAPTER 24) -- Metabolic Dysplasias -- REFERENCES -- TEN Disruptions and Amnion Rupture Sequence -- TYPES OF DISRUPTIONS AFFECTING MORPHOGENESIS OF THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO AND FETUS -- TERATOGENIC DISRUPTIONS -- RADIATION EMBRYOPATHY -- HYPERTHERMIC EMBRYOPATHY -- TORCH INFECTIONS -- Rubella Embryopathy -- Cytomegalovirus -- Herpes Virus -- Varicella Embryopathy -- Toxoplasmosis -- Congenital Syphilis (See Infection Chapter) -- DRUGS AS CAUSES FOR DISRUPTION -- Diethylstilbestrol Embryopathy (DES) -- Thalidomide Embryopathy -- Alcohol Embryopathy -- Anticonvulsant Embryopathy -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Vitamin A Congener (Isotretinoin, Etretinate) Embryopathy -- Manifestations of Isotretinoin Embryopathy -- Warfarin Embryopathy -- Folate Antagonist (aminopterin, methotrexate) Embryopathy -- Manifestations -- TETRACYCLINE EMBRYOPATHY -- LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) -- SYNTHETIC PROGESTIN EMBRYOPATHY -- SYMPATHOMIMETICS -- Maternal Phenylketonuria Embryopathy -- Toluene Embryopathy -- PREDNISONE -- OPIATES -- COCAINE EMBRYOPATHY -- MARIJUANA EXPOSURE -- DIABETIC EMBRYOPATHY -- HEAVY METALS -- VASCULAR DISRUPTIONS -- Encephaloclastic Lesions -- Limb Reduction Defects -- Limb/Body Wall Defect (LBWD) -- Ultrasonography -- Gastroschisis -- Pentalogy of Cantrell -- Twins (See Twin Chapter) -- Amnion Disruption Sequence (ADS) -- Short Umbilical Cord -- Neonatal Gangrene -- REFERENCES -- ELEVEN Intrauterine Growth Retardation -- PATTERNS OF GROWTH.

FETAL FACTORS CAUSING IUGR.