Contents -- Contributing Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Notational Standards -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Demography, Genetics, and Ecology in Conservation Biology -- 1.2 Toward an Evolutionary Conservation Biology -- 1.3 Environmental Challenges and Evolutionary Responses -- 1.4 Evolutionary Conservation Biology in Practice -- 1.5 Structure of this Book -- 2 From Individual Interactions to Population Viability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From Individual Interactions to Density Dependence -- The simplest density-dependent models -- Density-dependent models in discrete time -- Allee effects -- 2.3 Demographic and Interaction Stochasticities -- Time to extinction under demographic stochasticity -- Effect of interaction stochasticity -- Branching processes and quasi-stationarity -- 2.4 Environmental Stochasticity -- Accounting for individual interactions and demographic stochasticity -- The effect of environmental autocorrelation -- 2.5 Density Dependence and the Measure of Extinction Risk -- 2.6 Concluding Comments -- 3 Age Structure, Mating System, and Population Viability -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Extinction Risk in Age-structured Populations -- Essentials about structured deterministic models -- Factors of population regulation and extinction -- 3.3 Effect of Sexual Structure on Population Viability -- Deterministic two-sex models -- Influence of sexual reproduction on the extinction risk -- Sexual selection and extinction -- 3.4 Interfacing Demography and Genetics -- 3.5 Concluding Comments -- 4 Spatial Dimensions of Population Viability -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Deterministic versus Stochastic Metapopulation Models -- Metapopulations with few patches -- Metapopulations with many patches -- 4.3 Threshold Phenomena and Basic Reproduction Ratios -- Basic reproduction ratios and persistence -- Persistence and viability.

4.4 Modeling Structured Metapopulations -- Defining the environmental interaction variable -- Defining the basic entity -- Defining basic reproduction ratios -- 4.5 Metapopulation Structured by Local Population Density -- Metapopulation persistence -- Metapopulation viability -- Toward more realistic models -- 4.6 Persistence of Finite Metapopulations: Stochastic Models -- Predictions from a spatially explicit stochastic model -- New introductions -- Between stochastic and deterministic models -- 4.7 Concluding Comments -- 5 Responses to Environmental Change: Adaptation or Extinction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Abiotic Environmental Change -- 5.3 Adaptive Responses to Climate Change -- Physiological and phenological effects of climate change -- Rapid adaptations to local climate conditions -- 5.4 Adaptive Responses to Thermal Stress -- 5.5 Adaptive Responses to Pollution -- 5.6 Adaptive Responses in Endangered Species -- 5.7 Concluding Comments -- 6 Empirical Evidence for Rapid Evolution -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Guppy Life-history Evolution -- The association between predation and life histories -- 6.3 Selection Experiments -- Methods -- Results -- Intensity of natural selection on different traits -- 6.4 Limits to Adaptation -- Modeling population dynamics -- Modeling genetic dynamics -- 6.5 Conditions that Favor Rapid Evolution -- 6.6 Concluding Comments -- 7 Genetic Variability and Life-history Evolution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Genetic Variation and Life Histories -- 7.3 Forces that Maintain Genetic Variation in Life-history Traits -- Mutation -- Frequency-dependent selection -- Dominance variance and heterozygote advantage -- Spatial and temporal variation in fitness -- Sexual antagonism -- Genetic correlations -- 7.4 How Much Variation is There? -- Measuring variation in quantitative traits.

Can we estimate quantitative variation from molecular variation? -- General patterns of genetic variability -- Effects of small population size and inbreeding -- 7.5 Inbreeding Depression in Life-history Traits -- Measuring inbreeding depression -- General patterns of inbreeding depression -- Population size and purging of inbreeding depression in animals -- A case study of purging in an endangered mammal -- 7.6 Concluding Comments -- 8 Environmental Stress and Quantitative Genetic Variation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hypotheses and Predictions -- Hypotheses on the effect of stress on quantitative genetic variation -- Predictions from models of genetic variation under stress -- 8.3 Stress and Phenotypic Variation -- Increased phenotypic variation under stress -- Fluctuating asymmetry does not reliably show stress exposure -- 8.4 Stress and Genetic Variation -- Collecting experimental results -- Trait-specific effects of stress on genetic variation -- Causes of higher genetic variance in size-related traits under stress -- 8.5 Experimental Selection under Stress -- 8.6 Concluding Comments -- 9 Fixation of New Mutations in Small Populations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Purging and Fitness Changes in Declining Populations -- 9.3 Fixation of Deleterious Mutations: Mutational Meltdown -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Fixation of Deleterious Mutations -- Effective population size and the Hill-Robertson effect -- Distribution of mutational effects -- Dominance -- Epistasis -- Nongenetic fitness compensation -- Sex and selfing -- 9.5 Fixation of Beneficial Mutations -- Rate of back, beneficial, and compensatory mutations -- Rate of fixation of beneficial mutations in small populations -- Rate of fixation of mutations in declining populations -- 9.6 Time Scales for Extinction, Evolution, and Conservation -- 9.7 Concluding Comments.

10 Quantitative-Genetic Models and Changing Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Quantitative Genetics and Response to Selection -- 10.3 Adaptation and Extinction in Changing Environments -- Sustained directional change -- Pleiotropy and changing optima -- Periodic change -- Stochastic fluctuations -- Single abrupt change -- 10.4 Concluding Comments -- 11 Adaptive Dynamics and Evolving Biodiversity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Adaptation versus Optimization -- Optimization in earlier evolutionary theory -- The quest for suitable optimization criteria -- Optimization arguments in evolutionary game theory -- Limitations to the existence of optimization criteria -- Evolutionary stability and attainability -- Optimization and population viability -- 11.3 Adaptive Dynamics Theory -- Invasion fitness -- Evolutionary singularities and their properties -- 11.4 Adaptive Evolution and the Origin of Diversity -- Conservation and speciation -- Determinants of evolving biodiversity -- Adaptive speciation -- Area effects on adaptive speciation -- 11.5 Adaptive Evolution and the Loss of Diversity -- Evolutionary deterioration, collapse, and suicide -- Evolutionary deterioration -- Evolutionary collapse -- Evolutionary suicide -- Catastrophic bifurcations and evolutionary suicide -- Further examples of evolutionary suicide -- Evolutionary suicide in sexual populations -- Extinction driven by coevolutionary dynamics -- Summary -- 11.6 Adaptive Responses to Environmental Change -- Ecology-evolution-environment diagrams -- Ecological and evolutionary penalties of environmental change -- Evolutionary rescue, trapping, and induced suicide -- More complex forms of evolutionary trapping -- 11.7 Concluding Comments -- 12 Genetic Structure in Heterogeneous Environments -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basic Models of Population Genetic Structure.

12.3 Adding Geography: The Stepping-stone Model -- 12.4 Metapopulation Processes and Population Differentiation -- Effects of colonization-extinction processes -- Effects of local population dynamics -- 12.5 Metapopulation Processes and Effective Population Size -- 12.6 The Effect of Selection on Differentiation: The Island Model -- Spatial structure of selected genes -- Spatial structure of genes linked to selected genes -- 12.7 Structure and Selection in Source-Sink Metapopulations -- Neutral genetic structure -- Fixation of beneficial alleles -- 12.8 Concluding Comments -- 13 Conservation Implications of Niche Conservatism and Evolution in Heterogeneous Environments -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Adaptations to Temporal Environmental Change -- 13.3 Adaptations in Population Sources and Sinks -- 13.4 Adaptations along Environmental Gradients -- 13.5 Conservation Implications -- 13.6 Concluding Comments -- 14 Adaptive Responses to Landscape Disturbances: Theory -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Selection for Low Dispersal -- Deterministically fluctuating populations -- Environmental disturbances -- Demographic stochasticity -- 14.3 Dispersal Evolution and Metapopulation Viability -- Effect on population size -- Evolutionary suicide in dispersal evolution -- 14.4 Metapopulation Viability in Changing Environments -- Landscape heterogeneity -- Increased fragmentation -- Catastrophe rate and temporal uniformization -- 14.5 Concluding Comments -- 15 Adaptive Responses to Landscape Disturbances: Empirical Evidence -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Responses of Migration to Landscape Fragmentation -- Effects of patch isolation -- Effects of patch size in relation to other life-history traits -- Effects of colonization opportunities -- 15.3 Fragmentation, Migration, and Local Adaptation -- Adaptation to local hosts -- Adaptation to anthropogenic habitat change.

15.4 The Example of Centaurea Species.