Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reductionism and the Nature of Explanations -- 2.1 THE MECHANISM OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN NEUROTRANSMISSION -- 2.2 EXPLANATORY HETERONOMY -- 2.3 LAWS AND NATURAL KINDS -- 2.4 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION -- 2.5 MULTIPLE REALIZATION AND THE NEW REDUCTIONISM -- SUMMARY -- 3 Discovery: Solving Biological Problems -- 3.1 MOLECULAR GENETICS: DEDUCED FROM EXPERIMENTS? -- 3.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS: RESOLVING ANOMALIES -- 3.3 THE UREA CYCLE: INTELLIGIBLE TO REASON -- 3.4 IS THERE A LOGIC OF GENERATION? -- SUMMARY -- 4 Scientific Inference: Testing Hypotheses -- 4.1 THE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION CONTROVERSY IN BIOCHEMISTRY -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF MITCHELL'S THEORY -- 4.3 UNDERDETERMINATION AND DUHEM'S PROBLEM -- 4.4 RECONSTITUTION AND CLOSURE -- 4.5 WHY BIOCHEMISTS ARE NOT BAYESIANS -- 4.6 ARGUING FROM ERROR -- 4.7 THE CONTROL EXPERIMENT -- SUMMARY -- 5 Experimental Systems: A Life of Their Own? -- 5.1 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AS FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF RESEARCH -- 5.2 OX-PHOS REVISITED -- 5.3 THE ROLE OF EPISTEMIC NORMS -- 5.4 LOCAL SETTINGS VERSUS UNIVERSAL STANDARDS -- SUMMARY -- 6 Model Organisms: Of Flies and Elephants -- 6.1 THE MOLECULARIZATION OF DROSOPHILA -- 6.2 MODEL ORGANISMS AS ''SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION" -- 6.3 THE SHORTCOMINGS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC METAPHORS -- 6.4 PREPARATIVE EXPERIMENTATION -- 6.5 ''RIGHT CHOICES" OR CO-CONSTRUCTION? -- 6.6 WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM STUDYING MODEL ORGANISMS? -- SUMMARY -- 7 Reference and Conceptual Change: Out of Mendel's Garden? -- 7.1 THE GENE CONCEPT IN FLUX -- 7.2 CHANGING MODES OF REFERENCE -- 7.3 CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR GENES IN DROSOPHILA -- 7.4 BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY, ESSENTIALISM, AND FLOATING REFERENCE -- SUMMARY.

8 Developmental Biology and the Genetic Program: Explaining Ontogeny -- 8.1 A CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS THEORY -- 8.2 PATTERN FORMATION IN DROSOPHILA -- 8.3 THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY -- 8.4 IS DNA A MASTER MOLECULE? -- SUMMARY -- 9 Scientific Realism: In Search of the Truth -- 9.1 REALISM ABOUT WHAT? -- 9.2 THE ''MIRACLE ARGUMENT" -- 9.3 THE EXPERIMENTALIST ARGUMENT -- 9.4 THE ARGUMENT FROM INDEPENDENT DETERMINATIONS -- 9.5 EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFACTS: LESSONS FROM THE MESOSOME -- SUMMARY -- Notes -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- Bibliography -- Index.