COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- SERIES-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS -- INTRODUCTION -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK -- Part 1: conceptual and methodological issues -- Part 2: international case studies -- Part 3: the future of judicial review and bureaucratic impact -- PART ONE CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- CHAPTER ONE UNDERSTANDING JUDICIAL REVIEW AND ITS IMPACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS JUDICIAL REVIEW? -- An English, rights-based, rule-of-law model -- A US separation-of-powers-based, institutional-design, model -- Comparison of the English and US models -- A hybrid Australian model -- Comparison of the Australian with the English and US models -- An Indian public-interest-based, social-justice model -- Discussion -- STUDYING THE IMPACT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ON BUREAUCRATIC BEHAVIOUR -- THE LIMITS OF IMPACT STUDIES -- CONCLUSION -- CHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN RESEARCHING THE IMPACT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ON GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACIES -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- MAPPING THE TERRITORY -- The impact of what? -- Judicial review as process -- Judicial review as judgments -- Legal norms, values and principles -- The impact on what? -- Bureaucracy -- Organisational contexts -- Types of impact -- RESEARCHING AND ASSESSING IMPACTS -- Different perspectives: positivism and interpretivism -- The importance of the administrator's perspective -- The contingent meaning of law in the bureaucracy -- Dynamic interactions between the courts and bureaucracy -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- CHAPTER THREE STUDYING BUREAUCRATIC IMPLEMENTATION OF JUDICIAL POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES -- DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN IMPACT AND IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH -- THE FOCUS OF THIS CHAPTER -- A HEURISTIC MODEL OF AGENCY REACTIONS -- Step 1: interpretation.

Step 2: the agency search -- Step 3: implementation of behavioural response -- FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ADJUSTMENT BEHAVIOUR -- RESEARCH METHODS -- CONCLUSION -- PART TWO INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES -- CHAPTER FOUR IMPACT STUDIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM -- INTRODUCTION -- SETTING THE CONTEXT -- Judicial review -- The purpose of judicial review -- The relevance of jurisdictional context -- Judicial review in the UK -- Judicial review as an institution -- Impact -- Potential respondents in the UK -- Impact within a bureaucracy -- IMPACT STUDIES IN THE UK -- THE IMPACT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ON A TRIBUNAL SYSTEM -- Different juridical norms, different impacts -- Statutory criteria -- Powers of the tribunal -- Procedural requirements -- Competing values -- Statutory meaning -- The doctor on the tribunal -- The giving of reasons -- LEARNING FROM THE SPECIFIC -- FURTHER STUDY -- CHAPTER FIVE THE POLITICS OF SOFT LAW: HOW JUDICIAL DECISIONS INFLUENCE BUREAUCRATIC DISCRETION IN CANADA -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY AND CONTEXT -- ORGANISATION OF ANALYSIS -- SOFT LAW AS AN EXECUTIVE-JUDICIAL DIALOGUE ON DISCRETION -- LITIGATION, SOFT LAW AND BUREAUCRATIC DISCRETION: THREE CASE STUDIES -- Social welfare eligibility determinations: the 'spouse-in-the-house' rule -- Immigration determinations: 'humanitarian and compassionate' grounds -- Customs seizure determinations: the definition of 'obscenity' -- TOWARD A SOCIO-LEGAL APPROACH TO SOFT LAW -- CHAPTER SIX THE OPERATION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW IN AUSTRALIA -- JUDICIAL REVIEW IN AUSTRALIA -- THE JUDICIAL REVIEW PROJECT -- METHODOLOGY -- Boundaries of the study -- Contacting agencies and solicitors -- Practical barriers to research -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- COMMENTARY -- General observations -- Question 1: whether the application was reconsidered in accordance with the court order.

Question 2: the final outcome in the case -- Applicant responses -- Agency responses -- Questions 3 and 4: subsequent change in law or agency practice -- and other relevant aspects of the case -- Agency responses -- Profile of the cases in the survey -- Clarity of the legal issues involved in a case -- CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER SEVEN LEGALISING THE UNLEGALISEABLE: TERRORISM, SECRET SERVICES AND JUDICIAL REVIEW IN ISRAEL 1970-2001 -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- The Supreme Court of Israel and judicial activism -- The 'old Court': from establishment to 1980 -- The 'new Court': judicial activism since 1980 -- Judicial review and the institution of the High Court of Justice -- Terrorism and torture in Israel: a brief legal history -- Torture and judicial review: a conceptual analysis -- THE RESEARCH -- Methodology -- Studying the impact of judicial review in the 1990s (the 'regulation' regime) -- Petitions to the HCJ regarding torture -- Studying the arena of interrogations during the 1990s -- The impact of the HCJ decision in the GSS Case -- CONCLUSION -- CHAPTER EIGHT IMPLEMENTING COURT ORDERS IN THE UNITED STATES: JUDGES AS EXECUTIVES -- INTRODUCTION -- IMPLEMENTATION AS POLICY-MAKING: A SPIRALLING AND SPRAWLING PROCESS -- JUDGE & CO. -- SPECIAL MASTERS IN THE PRISON CONDITIONS CASES -- Arkansas -- Texas -- Santa Clara County -- THE ROLES OF SPECIAL MASTERS -- Eyes and ears of the court -- Corrections experts -- Floating trial balloons and taking heat for the boss -- CONCLUSION -- PART THREE THE FUTURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW AND BUREAUCRATIC IMPACT -- CHAPTER NINE JUDICIAL REVIEW AND BUREAUCRATIC IMPACT: THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN UNION ADMINISTRATIVE LAW -- CHAPTER TEN JUDICIAL REVIEW AND BUREAUCRATIC IMPACT IN FUTURE RESEARCH -- INTRODUCTION: TOWARDS A GENERAL THEORY OF IMPACT? -- Impact agnosticism -- The focus of this chapter.

INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND METHODOLOGICAL PLURALISM -- Political science and socio-legal studies -- Positivism and interpretivism -- Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- Future research -- THE AWKWARD POSITION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW -- The changing nature of government -- Law and competing values -- Communication matters -- Future research -- BRINGING LAW AND SOCIETY BACK INTO JUDICIAL IMPACT STUDIES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.