1 Cells and Diffusion -- 1.1. Cell Structure -- 1.1A. Generalized Plant Cell -- 1.1B. Leaf Anatomy -- 1.1C. Vascular Tissue -- 1.1D. Root Anatomy -- 1.2. Diffusion -- 1.2A. Fick's First Law -- 1.2B. Continuity Equation and Fick's Second Law -- 1.2C. Time-Distance Relation for Diffusion -- 1.3. Membrane Structure -- 1.3A. Membrane Models -- 1.3B. Organelle Membranes -- 1.4. Membrane Permeability -- 1.4A. Concentration Difference Across a Membrane -- 1.4B. Permeability Coefficient -- 1.4C. Diffusion and Cellular Concentration -- 1.5. Cell Walls -- 1.5A. Chemistry and Morphology -- 1.5B. Diffusion Across Cell Walls -- 1.5C. Stress-Strain Relations of Cell Walls -- 1.6. Problems -- 1.7. References -- 2 Water -- 2.1. Physical Properties -- 2.1A. Hydrogen Bonding-Thermal Relations -- 2.1B. Surface Tension -- 2.1C. Capillary Rise -- 2.1D. Capillary Rise in the Xylem -- 2.1E. Tensile Strength, Viscosity -- 2.1F. Electrical Properties -- 2.2. Chemical Potential -- 2.2A. Free Energy and Chemical Potential -- 2.2B. Analysis of Chemical Potential -- 2.2C. Standard State -- 2.2D. Hydrostatic Pressure -- 2.2E. Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure -- 2.2F. Van't Hoff Relation -- 2.2G. Matric Pressure -- 2.2H. Water Potential -- 2.3. Central Vacuole and Chloroplasts -- 2.3A. Water Relations of the Central Vacuole -- 2.3B. Boyle-Van't Hoff Relation -- 2.3C. Osmotic Responses of Chloroplasts -- 2.4. Water Potential and Plant Cells -- 2.4A. Incipient Plasmolysis -- 2.4B. Höfler Diagram and Pressure-Volume Curve -- 2.4C. Chemical Potential and Water Potential of Water Vapor -- 2.4D. Plant-Air Interface -- 2.4E. Pressure in the Cell Wall Water -- 2.4F. Water Flux -- 2.4G. Cell Growth -- 2.4H. Kinetics of Volume Changes -- 2.5. Problems -- 2.6. References -- 3 Solutes -- 3.1. Chemical Potential of Ions -- 3.1A. Electrical Potential.

3.1B. Electroneutrality and Membrane Capacitance -- 3.1C. Activity Coefficients of Ions -- 3.1D. Nernst Potential -- 3.1E. Example of ENK -- 3.2. Fluxes and Diffusion Potentials -- 3.2A. Flux and Mobility -- 3.2B. Diffusion Potential in a Solution -- 3.2C. Membrane Fluxes -- 3.2D. Membrane Diffusion Potential-Goldman Equation -- 3.2E. Application of Goldman Equation -- 3.2F. Donnan Potential -- 3.3. Characteristics of Crossing Membranes -- 3.3A. Electrogenicity -- 3.3B. Boltzmann Energy Distribution and Q10, a Temperature Coefficient -- 3.3C. Activation Energy and Arrhenius Plots -- 3.3D. Ussing-Teorell Equation -- 3.3E. Example of Active Transport -- 3.3F. Energy for Active Transport -- 3.3G. Speculation on Active Transport -- 3.4. Mechanisms for Crossing Membranes -- 3.4A. Carriers, Porters, Channels, and Pumps -- 3.4B. Michaelis-Menten Formalism -- 3.4C. Facilitated Diffusion -- 3.5. Principles of Irreversible Thermodynamics -- 3.5A. Fluxes, Forces, and Onsager Coefficients -- 3.5B. Water and Solute Flow -- 3.5C. Flux Densities, LP, and σ -- 3.5D. Values of Reflection Coefficients -- 3.6. Solute Movement Across Membranes -- 3.6A. Influence of Reflection Coefficients on Incipient Plasmolysis -- 3.6B. Extension of the Boyle-Van't Hoff Relation -- 3.6C. Reflection Coefficients of Chloroplasts -- 3.6D. Solute Flux Density -- 3.7. Problems -- 3.8. References -- 4 Light -- 4.1. Wavelength and Energy -- 4.1A. Light Waves -- 4.1B. Energy of Light -- 4.1C. Illumination, Photon Flux Density, and Irradiance -- 4.1D. Sunlight -- 4.1E. Planck's and Wien's Formulae -- 4.2. Absorption of Light by Molecules -- 4.2A. Role of Electrons in Absorption Event -- 4.2B. Electron Spin and State Multiplicity -- 4.2C. Molecular Orbitals -- 4.2D. Photoisomerization -- 4.2E. Light Absorption by Chlorophyll -- 4.3. Deexcitation.

4.3A. Fluorescence, Radiationless Transition, and Phosphorescence -- 4.3B. Competing Pathways for Deexcitation -- 4.3C. Lifetimes -- 4.3D. Quantum Yields -- 4.4. Absorption Spectra and Action Spectra -- 4.4A. Vibrational Sublevels -- 4.4B. Franck-Condon Principle -- 4.4C. Absorption Bands and Absorption Coefficients -- 4.4D. Application of Beer's Law -- 4.4E. Conjugation -- 4.4F. Action Spectra -- 4.4G. Absorption and Action Spectra of Phytochrome -- 4.5. Problems -- 4.6. References -- 5 Photochemistry of Photosynthesis -- 5.1. Chlorophyll-Chemistry and Spectra -- 5.1A. Types and Structures -- 5.1B. Absorption and Fluorescence Emission Spectra -- 5.1C. Absorption in Vivo-Polarized Light -- 5.2. Other Photosynthetic Pigments -- 5.2A. Carotenoids -- 5.2B. Phycobilins -- 5.2C. General Comments -- 5.3. Excitation Transfers Among Photosynthetic Pigments -- 5.3A. Pigments and the Photochemical Reaction -- 5.3B. Resonance Transfer of Excitation -- 5.3C. Specific Transfers of Excitation -- 5.3D. Excitation Trapping -- 5.4. Groupings of Photosynthetic Pigments -- 5.4A. Photon Processing -- 5.4B. Excitation Processing -- 5.4C. Photosynthetic Action Spectra and Enhancement Effects -- 5.4D. Two Photosystems Plus Light-Harvesting Antennae -- 5.5. Electron Flow -- 5.5A. Electron Flow Model -- 5.5B. Components of the Electron Transfer Pathway -- 5.5C. Types of Electron Flow -- 5.5D. Assessing Photochemistry Using Fluorescence -- 5.5E. Photophosphorylation -- 5.5F. Vectorial Aspects of Electron Flow -- 5.6. Problems -- 5.7. References -- 6 Bioenergetics -- 6.1. Gibbs Free Energy -- 6.1A. Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium Constants -- 6.1B. Interconversion of Chemical and Electrical Energy -- 6.1C. Redox Potentials -- 6.2. Biological Energy Currencies -- 6.2A. ATP-Structure and Reactions -- 6.2B. Gibbs Free Energy Change for ATP Formation.

6.2C. NADP+-NADPH Redox Couple -- 6.3. Chloroplast Bioenergetics -- 6.3A. Redox Couples -- 6.3B. H+ Chemical Potential Differences Caused by Electron Flow -- 6.3C. Evidence for Chemiosmotic Hypothesis -- 6.3D. Coupling of Flows -- 6.4. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics -- 6.4A. Electron Flow Components-Redox Potentials -- 6.4B. Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 6.5. Energy Flow in the Biosphere -- 6.5A. Incident Light-Stefan-Boltzmann Law -- 6.5B. Absorbed Light and Photosynthetic Efficiency -- 6.5C. Food Chains and Material Cycles -- 6.6. Problems -- 6.7. References -- 7 Temperature and Energy Budgets -- 7.1. Energy Budget-Radiation -- 7.1A. Solar Irradiation -- 7.1B. Absorbed Infrared Irradiation -- 7.1C. Emitted Infrared Radiation -- 7.1D. Values for a, aIR, and eIR -- 7.1E. Net Radiation -- 7.1F. Examples for Radiation Terms -- 7.2. Wind-Heat Conduction and Convection -- 7.2A. Wind -- 7.2B. Air Boundary Layers -- 7.2C. Boundary Layers for Bluff Bodies -- 7.2D. Heat Conduction/Convection Equations -- 7.2E. Dimensionless Numbers -- 7.2F. Examples of Heat Conduction/Convection -- 7.3. Latent Heat-Transpiration -- 7.3A. Heat Flux Density Accompanying Transpiration -- 7.3B. Heat Flux Density for Dew or Frost Formation -- 7.3C. Examples of Frost and Dew Formation -- 7.4. Further Examples of Energy Budgets -- 7.4A. Leaf Shape and Orientation -- 7.4B. Shaded Leaves within Plant Communities -- 7.4C. Heat Storage -- 7.4D. Time Constants -- 7.5. Soil -- 7.5A. Thermal Properties -- 7.5B. Soil Energy Balance -- 7.5C. Variations in Soil Temperature -- 7.6. Problems -- 7.7. References -- 8 Leaves and Fluxes -- 8.1. Resistances and Conductances-Transpiration -- 8.1A. Boundary Layer Adjacent to Leaf -- 8.1B. Stomata -- 8.1C. Stomatal Conductance and Resistance -- 8.1D. Cuticle -- 8.1E. Intercellular Air Spaces -- 8.1F. Fick's First Law and Conductances.

8.2. Water Vapor Fluxes Accompanying Transpiration -- 8.2A. Conductance and Resistance Network -- 8.2B. Values of Conductances -- 8.2C. Effective Lengths and Resistance -- 8.2D. Water Vapor Concentrations and Mole Fractions for Leaves -- 8.2E. Examples of Water Vapor Levels in a Leaf -- 8.2F. Water Vapor Fluxes -- 8.2G. Control of Transpiration -- 8.3. CO2 Conductances and Resistances -- 8.3A. Resistance and Conductance Network -- 8.3B. Mesophyll Area -- 8.3C. Resistance Formulation for Cell Components -- 8.3D. Partition Coefficient for CO2 -- 8.3E. Cell Wall Resistance -- 8.3F. Plasma Membrane Resistance -- 8.3G. Cytosol Resistance -- 8.3H. Mesophyll Resistance -- 8.3I. Chloroplast Resistance -- 8.4. CO2 Fluxes Accompanying Photosynthesis -- 8.4A. Photosynthesis -- 8.4B. Respiration and Photorespiration -- 8.4C. Comprehensive CO2 Resistance Network -- 8.4D. Compensation Points -- 8.4E. Fluxes of CO2 -- 8.4F. CO2 Conductances -- 8.4G. Photosynthetic Rates -- 8.5. Water-Use Efficiency -- 8.5A. Values of WUE -- 8.5B. Elevational Effects on WUE -- 8.5C. Stomatal Control of WUE -- 8.5D. C3 versus C4 Plants -- 8.6. Problems -- 8.7. References -- 9 Plants and Fluxes -- 9.1. Gas Fluxes above Plant Canopy -- 9.1A. Wind Speed Profiles -- 9.1B. Flux Densities -- 9.1C. Eddy Diffusion Coefficients -- 9.1D. Resistance of Air above the Canopy -- 9.1E. Transpiration and Photosynthesis -- 9.1F. Values for Fluxes and Concentrations -- 9.1G. Condensation -- 9.2. Gas Fluxes within Plant Communities -- 9.2A. Eddy Diffusion Coefficient and Resistance -- 9.2B. Water Vapor -- 9.2C. Attenuation of the Photosynthetic Photon Flux -- 9.2D. Values of Foliar Absorption Coefficient -- 9.2E. Light Compensation Point -- 9.2F. CO2 Concentrations and Fluxes -- 9.2G. CO2 at Night -- 9.3. Water Movement in Soil -- 9.3A. Soil Water Potential -- 9.3B. Darcy's Law.

9.3C. Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Coefficient.