front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- front matter -- body -- Volume 1 -- Volume 1 Contents -- Volume 1 Contributors -- Volume 1 Preface to the First Edition -- Volume 1 Preface -- Volume 1 Acknowledgments -- 1 Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation -- OVERVIEW OF GENE ORGANIZATION -- EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES -- ANATOMY OF THE PROMOTER -- METHODOLOGY -- TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL PEPTIDES -- POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSING -- TRANSPORT ACROSS THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Translation and Posttranslational Processing of Gastrointestinal Peptides -- TRANSLATION -- POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING -- TRANSPORT INTO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -- PROCESSING IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -- TRANSPORT FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THROUGH THE GOLGI -- PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE GOLGI -- FORMATION OF SECRETORY VESICLES -- PROCESSING REACTIONS IN THE SECRETORY VESICLE -- POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF PREPROGASTRIN -- REFERENCES -- 3 Transmembrane Signaling by G Protein-Coupled Receptors -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS -- MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION -- RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES ARE SIGNALING PARTNERS FOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS -- MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE SIGNALING BY G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Gastrointestinal Hormones: Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Somatostatin, and Ghrelin -- GASTRIN -- CHOLECYSTOKININ -- SOMATOSTATIN -- GHRELIN -- REFERENCES -- 5 Postpyloric Gastrointestinal Peptides -- SECRETIN -- INTESTINAL SOMATOSTATIN -- VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE AND RELATED PEPTIDES -- NEUROTENSIN -- NEUROPEPTIDE Y -- MOTILIN -- PEPTIDE YY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Gastrointestinal Peptide Hormones Regulating Energy and Glucose Homeostasis -- PROGLUCAGON GENE STRUCTURE AND THE PROGLUCAGON-DERIVED PEPTIDES.

PROGLUCAGON-DERIVED PEPTIDE METABOLISM AND CLEARANCE -- GLUCAGON RECEPTOR FAMILY -- GLUCAGON RECEPTOR -- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR -- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2 RECEPTOR -- GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON -- GLUCAGON ADMINISTRATION IN HUMAN SUBJECTS -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLICENTIN -- OXYNTOMODULIN -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE-1 -- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES -- ENHANCING INCRETIN ACTION VIA INHIBITION OF DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IV -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGONLIKE PEPTIDE-2 -- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2 ADMINISTRATION TO HUMAN SUBJECTS -- GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE -- REFERENCES -- 7 Growth Factors in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- INTRODUCTION -- TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β FAMILY OF PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS -- EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS -- INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS -- TREFOIL FACTOR FAMILY OF PEPTIDES -- HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR -- FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY -- REFERENCES -- 8 Developmental Signaling Networks -- HISTORY -- Wnt/β-CATENIN PATHWAY -- NONCANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS -- WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY IN GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY -- WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY DEFECTS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Hedgehog Signaling in Gastrointestinal Morphogenesis and Morphostasis -- PATTERNING -- THE HEDGEHOG PATHWAY -- ROLE OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUT -- HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN HOMEOSTASIS OF THE ADULT GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT -- HEDGEHOG SIGNALING AND CARCINOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Developmental Signaling Networks: The Notch Pathway -- OVERVIEW OF NOTCH SIGNALING -- STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH RECEPTORS -- STRUCTURE OF THE NOTCH LIGANDS -- THE NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY.

INTERACTIONS OF NOTCH WITH OTHER SIGNALING NETWORKS -- NOTCH SIGNALING IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Stem Cells -- WHAT IS A STEM CELL? -- ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURAL/PROLIFERATIVE UNITS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIUM -- MORPHOGENESIS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL PROLIFERATIVE UNITS -- CLONALITY OF THE STRUCTURAL/PROLIFERATIVE UNIT -- STEM CELL NUMBER AND HIERARCHY -- THE STEM CELL NICHE -- REGULATION OF STEM CELL FUNCTION -- STEM CELL PLASTICITY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Apoptosis in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- CELL DEATH -- INTESTINAL EPITHELIA: IN VIVO STUDIES -- INTESTINAL CELLS: IN VITRO STUDIES -- GASTRIC MUCOSA -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13 Molecular Aspects and Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function during Postnatal Development -- ONTOGENY OF SECRETORY FUNCTION -- ONTOGENY OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION -- ONTOGENY OF INTESTINAL TRANSPORT -- ONTOGENY OF TRANSPORT FUNCTION ALONG THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL GUT AXES -- DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 14 Effect of Aging on the Gastrointestinal Tract -- THE AGING ESOPHAGUS -- THE AGING STOMACH -- THE AGING INTESTINE -- AGING AND GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS -- REGULATION OF MUCOSAL GROWTH DURING AGING -- AGING AND SURGERY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 15 Regulation of Gastrointestinal Normal Cell Growth -- OVERVIEW -- ORGANIZATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA -- CELL CYCLE REGULATION -- APOPTOSIS -- SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS REGULATING GASTROINTESTINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH -- GROWTH REGULATION BY LUMINAL NUTRIENTS AND SECRETIONS -- GROWTH REGULATION BY SMALL PEPTIDE HORMONES AND THEIR RECEPTORS -- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES/CLINICAL APPLICATIONS REFERENCES -- 16 Mucosal Repair and Restitution.

OVERVIEW OF PROCESS -- REGULATION OF EPITHELIAL WOUND HEALING BY EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS -- INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS COORDINATING MIGRATION -- METHODOLOGIES FOR STUDYING GASTROINTESTINAL CELL MIGRATION -- RELATION OF ALTERED MIGRATION TO DISEASE -- FUTURE CHALLENGES -- REFERENCES -- 17 Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Malignancies -- PRINCIPLES OF ONCOGENESIS -- CARDINAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS -- GENETIC INSTABILITY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 18 Development of the Enteric Nervous System -- ORIGINS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -- CREST-DERIVED STEM CELLS ARE PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPING AND MATURE BOWEL -- DEFECTS IN EARLY-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE EXTENSIVE AND VISIBLE ABNORMALITIES: HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE -- DEFECTS IN LATE-ACTING FACTORS CAUSE RESTRICTED LESIONS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -- OTHER FACTORS IN ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 19 Cellular Physiology of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle -- SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUT -- SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR CONTRACTION -- SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR RELAXATION -- CROSS-REGULATION: THE INTERPLAY OF SIGNALS IN A CHEMICAL PLAYGROUND -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 20 Organization and Electrophysiology of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MUSCLES -- ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL RHYTHMICITY -- ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN NEUROTRANSMISSION -- ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS STRETCH RECEPTORS -- MOTILITY DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL -- ANIMAL MODELS TO STUDY LOSS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL -- SMOOTH MUSCLE RESPONSES TO SLOW WAVES AND NEURAL INPUTS -- INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MUSCLES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

21 Functional Histoanatomy of the Enteric Nervous System -- OVERVIEW -- INTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL -- EXTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE GUT WALL -- EXTRINSIC SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS -- HEIRARCHIES OF NEUROCHEMICALS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 22 Physiology of Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia -- OVERVIEW -- MORPHOLOGY -- INNERVATION OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA -- CHEMICAL CODING OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS -- CHEMICAL CODING OF NERVE FIBERS IN PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA -- ORGANIZATION OF SYMPATHETIC MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE GUT -- TARGETS IN THE GUT OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN PREVERTEBRAL AND PELVIC GANGLIA -- VISCERAL AFFERENT NEURONS -- MORPHOLOGY OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS -- CHEMICAL CODING OF VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS -- POPULATIONS OF MECHANOSENSORY VISCEROFUGAL NEURONS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION NEURONS -- PACEMAKER NEURONS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 23 Cellular Neurophysiology of Enteric Neurons -- THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -- AH- AND S-TYPE ENTERIC NEURONS -- SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION -- REFERENCES -- 24 Integrative Functions of the Enteric Nervous System -- INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE STOMACH -- INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES -- PLASTICITY IN THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -- INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE ANAL CANAL AND PELVIC FLOOR -- INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS FOR DEFECATION -- EPILOGUE -- REFERENCES -- 25 Extrinsic Sensory Afferent Nerves Innervating the Gastrointestinal Tract -- DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS -- ANATOMY OF EXTRINSIC AFFERENT FIBERS -- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRINSIC GASTROINTESTINAL AFFERENTS -- GASTROINTESTINAL EXTRINSIC AFFERENT NERVES: INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 26 Processing of Gastrointestinal Sensory Signals in the Brain -- NEUROANATOMIC REPRESENTATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL SENSATION.

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING.