Cover -- Reproductive and Hormonal Aspects of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases -- Contents -- Series Editor -- Volume Editors -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Sex Differences in Autoimmune Disease -- Introduction -- Prevalence and epidemiology -- Etiology/pathogenesis -- Explanations for sex discrepancy -- Key points -- References -- Maternal-Fetal Aspects of Autoimmune Disease -- Immunomodulation during pregnancy -- A role of tolerance in healthy pregnancy -- A beneficial or pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases -- Feto-maternal exchange during pregnancy and subsequent persistent microchimerism -- A normal physiological condition -- A possible trigger to autoimmunity -- Scleroderma -- Primary biliary cirrhosis -- Sjögren's syndrome -- Autoimmune thyroid disease -- Myositis -- Lupus and autoimmune cardiac diseases -- Lichen planus -- Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -- A complicated role during pregnancy -- A two-step role in autoimmunity -- Microchimerism and HLA associations in autoimmune diseases -- HLA compatibility between donor and host cells in autoimmune disease -- Maternal antibodies -- In summary -- Key points -- References -- Fertility and Autoimmune Disease -- Introduction -- The epidemiology and etiology of infertility -- Treatment of infertility -- Fertility issues in women with specific autoimmune diseases -- Systemic lupus erythematosus -- Thyroid disorders -- Hypothyroidism -- Hyperthyroidism -- Antithyroid antibodies -- Insulin-dependent diabetes -- Rheumatoid arthritis -- Systemic sclerosis -- Addison's disease and the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes -- Autoimmune premature ovarian failure -- Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome -- The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications on fertility -- Conclusion -- Key points -- References -- Pregnancy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- Introduction.

Prevalence of pregnancy in SLE -- Epidemiology -- Maternal outcomes -- Maternal mortality -- Gestational diabetes and hypertension -- Pre-eclampsia -- Cesarean sections -- Pregnancy outcomes -- Live births -- Preterm births -- Low birth weight -- Neonatal lupus -- Special circumstances -- SLE diagnosed during pregnancy -- SLE active at conception -- Lupus nephritis -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical manifestations -- Lupus flares -- Blood pressure -- Renal changes -- Diagnostic investigations -- Radiology -- Fetal ultrasound -- Fetal surveillance testing -- Fetal echocardiography -- Functional testing -- Biochemistry, serologic, immunology -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- All pregnant women -- No lupus activity -- Mild lupus activity -- Moderate lupus activity -- Severe lupus activity -- Hypertension -- Key points -- References -- Antiphospholipid Syndrome -- Introduction -- Prevalence and Epidemiology -- Etiology/pathogenesis -- Clinical manifestations -- Pregnancy loss -- Vascular occlusion and miscellaneous manifestations -- Catastrophic vascular occlusion syndrome -- Diagnostic investigations -- Blood -- Serologic tests -- Imaging studies -- Biopsy -- Differential diagnosis -- Positive antiphospholipid antibody tests -- Pregnancy -- Treatment -- Pregnancy -- APS with previous thrombosis -- APS without a history of thrombotic events -- APS pregnancy in 'refractory' cases -- No APS, but persistently positive aPL -- Special situations -- Complications and prognosis -- Key points -- References -- Pregnancy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sjögren Syndrome and Other Rare Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases -- Introduction -- Rheumatoid arthritis -- Effect of the oral contraceptive and parity in the development of RA -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease -- Effects of the disease on pregnancy -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Sjögren syndrome.

Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Systemic sclerosis -- Effects of parity in the development of SSc -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease -- Effects of the disease on pregnancy -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases -- The effects of pregnancy on the disease -- Role of pregnancy in modifying the disease course -- Role of pregnancy in the evolution of UCTD into a definite CTD -- Effects of the disease on pregnancy -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Polymyositis-dermatomyositis -- The effects of pregnancy on the disease -- The effects of the disease on pregnancy -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Mixed connective tissue diseases -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Takayasu arteritis -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Wegener's granulomatosis -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Churg-Strauss syndrome -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Polyarteritis nodosa -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Microscopic polyangiitis -- Behçet disease -- Effects of pregnancy on the disease and vice versa -- Disease treatment during pregnancy -- Key points -- References -- A Bedside Perspective of Neonatal Lupus -- Introduction -- Clinical presentation -- Diagnostic considerations -- Therapeutic options -- Key points -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Use of Anti-Rheumatic Drugs in Pregnancy -- Introduction -- Risk factor B drugs -- Risk factor C drugs -- Risk factor D drugs -- Risk X Drugs -- Male Patients -- References.

Offspring of Women with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: Fetal and Neonatal Complications and Inheritance of Autoimmune Diseases -- Introduction -- Obstetric complications in autoimmune disease -- Influence of maternal disease -- Influence of maternal autoantibodies -- Short- and long-term development problems related to transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies -- Anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies -- Anti-platelet antibodies -- Anti-phospholipid antibodies -- Maternal autoantibodies and brain development -- Outcome of children exposed to immunosuppressive drugs in pregnancy -- Genetic background -- Key points -- References -- Contraception in Women with Autoimmune Diseases -- Introduction -- Non-reversible contraception -- Reversible contraception -- Non-hormonal methods -- Hormonal methods -- Benefits of hormonal contraceptives -- Adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives -- Effects of hormonal contraceptives on hemostasis -- Hormonal contraceptives and venous thrombosis -- Hormonal contraceptives and arterial thrombosis -- Risks and benefits of contraceptive methods in autoimmune disease -- Antiphospholipid antibody -- Hormonal contraceptives and aPLs -- Systemic lupus erythematosus -- Rheumatoid arthritis -- Other connective tissue diseases -- Key points -- References -- Gynecologic Problems in Women with Autoimmune Diseases -- Introduction -- Vulvar disorders -- Contact dermatitis -- Lichen sclerosis -- Lichen planus -- Autoimmune disorders that may affect the vulva -- Vulvar disorders resulting from systemic therapy or systemic illness -- Vaginitis -- Cervical disorders -- Human papillomavirus and precancerous lesions of the cervix -- Diagnosis and management -- Herpes simplex virus -- Other cervical infections -- Sexuality and sexual dysfunction -- Classification and diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction -- Screening.

Sexual dysfunction among patients with autoimmune disorders -- Multiple sclerosis -- Systemic lupus erythematosus -- Systemic sclerosis -- Sjogren's syndrome -- Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis -- Treatment of uncomplicated sexual disorders -- General principles -- Sexual desire disorders -- Sexual arousal disorders -- Orgasmic disorder -- Sexual pain disorders -- Resources -- References -- The Climacteric and Osteoporosis in Women with Autoimmune Diseases -- Osteoporosis -- Treatment -- Calcium and vitamin D -- Thiazide diuretics -- Calcitonin -- Estrogen -- Bisphosphonates -- Parathyroid hormone and growth factors -- Rheumatoid arthritis -- Treatment -- Systemic lupus erythematosus -- Hormone replacement therapy -- References -- Further Reading -- Index.