Front cover -- Oil Spill Environmental Forensics -- Copyright page -- Biography -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Chemical Fingerprinting of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum - Methods and Factors Affecting Petroleum Fingerprints in the Environment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods for Chemical Fingerprinting Petroleum -- 1.3 Factors Controlling the Chemical Fingerprints of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Spill Site Investigation in Environmental Forensic Investigations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Environmental Site Characterization and Reconnaissance Survey -- 2.3 Site Entry and Safety Issues during the Emergency Response Phase -- 2.4 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 1. Terrestrial Oil Spills -- 2.5 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 2. Marine/Coastal Waterborne Oil Spills -- 2.6 Collection of Physical, Ecological, and Environmental Data -- 2.7 Sampling Plan and Design: 1. Spills with Known Source -- 2.8 Sampling Plan and Design: 2. "Mystery" Spills -- 2.9 Data Management -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting for Oil Spill Characterization and Source Identification -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Analytical Methodologies for Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting -- 3.3 Fingerprinting Petroleum Biomarkers -- 3.4 Effects of Weathering on Biomarker Fingerprinting -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles for Source Identification -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products -- 4.3 Influence of Refinery Processes on PASH Patterns.

4.4 Stability of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles in the Environment -- 4.5 Petroleum PASH Analysis Techniques -- 4.6 Petroleum PASH Markers in Environmental Forensic Investigations -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Oil Spill Source Identification by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC ¥ GC) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC GC) -- 5.3 Applications of GC GC to Fingerprint Oil Spills -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Application of Stable Isotope Ratios in Spilled Oil Identification -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Isotope Ratios and Their Measurement -- 6.3 Bulk Isotope Ratios -- 6.4 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) -- 6.5 Weathering -- 6.6 Other Isotopes -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Emerging CEN Methodology for Oil Spill Identification -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Scope of the CEN Methodology -- 7.3 Strategy for Identifying Oil Spills -- 7.4 Tiered Levels of Analysis and Data Treatment -- 7.5 The CEN Methodology in Practice: A Case Study -- 7.6 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Advantages of Quantitative Chemical Fingerprinting in Oil Spill Source Identification -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Qualitative Fingerprinting Methods -- 8.3 Quantitative Fingerprinting Methods -- 8.4 Unraveling Mixed Source Oils Using Quantitative Fingerprinting Data -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: A Multivariate Approach to Oil Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting and Spill Source Identification -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis -- 9.3 Data Preprocessing -- 9.4 Multivariate Statistical Data Analysis -- 9.5 Data Evaluation -- 9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Chemical Heterogeneity in Modern Marine Residual Fuel Oils -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Forensic Chemistry Considerations -- 10.3 General Features of Modern Residual Marine Fuel Oils -- 10.4 Molecular Variability among Modern Residual Fuel Oils -- 10.5 Distinguishing Heavy Fuel Oils from Crude Oil -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Biodegradation of Oil Hydrocarbons and Its Implications for Source Identification -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biochemistry of Petroleum Biodegradation -- 11.3 Subsurface Biodegradation of Petroleum -- 11.4 Factors Limiting Biodegradation -- 11.5 Microbial Ecology of Petroleum Biodegradation -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Implications of Biodegradation on Identification -- References -- Chapter 12: Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples for Source Determination -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Determination of the Primary Route of Hydrocarbon Accumulation by Biota -- 12.3 Catabolic Degradation of Hydrocarbons Accumulated by Biota -- 12.4 Modes of Toxic Action of Accumulated Hydrocarbons -- 12.5 Case Study: The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill -- 12.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: Trajectory Modeling of Marine Oil Spills -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Forecasting and Hindcasting Oil Spill Movement -- 13.3 Oil Spill Transport -- 13.4 Evolution of an Oil Spill -- 13.5 Conclusions and Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Forensic Approach -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Visible Indications of Oil -- 14.3 Optical Sensors -- 14.4 Laser Fluorosensors -- 14.5 Microwave Sensors -- 14.6 Determination of Slick Thickness -- 14.7 Acoustic Systems -- 14.8 Satellite Remote Sensing -- 14.9 Detection of Oil under Ice -- 14.10 Real-Time Displays and Printers -- 14.11 Future Trends -- References -- Chapter 15: Advances in Forensic Techniques for Petroleum Hydrocarbons: The Exxon Valdez Experience -- 15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Identification of Hydrocarbon Sources in PWS -- 15.3 Composition of Exxon Valdez Crude and Its Weathering Products -- 15.4 Resolution of Inputs to the Natural Background -- 15.5 Hydrocarbon Source Allocations -- 15.6 Allocation of Anthropogenic Sources of PAH -- 15.7 Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples -- 15.8 Applications of Forensic Methods to Assessments of Oil Bioavailability -- 15.9 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16: Case Study: Oil Spills in the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia -- 16.1 Strait of Malacca, Malaysia: Introduction -- 16.2 Chronic and Acute Oil Spill Events in the Strait -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.4 Analytical Procedure -- 16.5 Instrumental Analysis -- 16.6 Establishment and Application of Biomarker Analysis for Source Identification of Oil Pollution Sources in the Strait of Malacca -- 16.7 Case Study 1: Development of the Analytical Method for Oil Pollution Source Identification Using Biomarkers in the Strait of Malacca -- 16.8 The Application of Molecular Markers for Source Identification of Tar-Ball Pollution in Malaysia -- 16.9 Case Study 2: Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia -- 16.10 Conclusions and Future Scenario -- References -- Chapter 17: Case Study: Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Sources in Guanabara Bay, Brazil -- 17.1 Guanabara Bay and Hydrocarbon Apportioning -- 17.2 Methodology for Hydrocarbon Determination and Source Evaluation -- 17.3 Hydrocarbon Results for Guanabara Bay Sediments -- 17.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Color Plates.