Cover -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Olfaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Olfactory Repertoire -- 3. An Evolutionary Assessment of the Function of the Nasal Cavity -- 4. Olfactory Sensory Neurons -- 4.1. Morphology and Central Projections -- 4.2. The Transduction of Olfactory Signals -- 4.3. The Specificity of Odorant Detection: Odorant Receptors -- 4.4. Odorant Responses -- 5. The Olfactory Bulb -- 5.1. Neural Composition -- 5.2. Information Flow -- 6. Central Processing of Olfactory Signals -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Gustation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structural Organization -- 2.1. Taste Buds -- 2.2. Central Gustatory Nuclei and Pathways -- 3. Functional Properties -- 3.1. Responses to Chemical Stimuli -- 3.2. Responses to Mechanical/Tactile Stimuli -- 4. Gustatory Behaviors -- 4.1. Feeding Behavior -- 4.2. Aversive Behavior -- 5. Conclusions and Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Branchial Chemoreceptor Regulation of Cardiorespiratory Function -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cardiorespiratory Responses -- 2.1. Cardiovascular Responses Linked to Activation of Chemoreceptors -- 2.2. Ventilatory Responses Linked to Chemoreceptor Activation -- 2.3. Endocrine Responses Mediated by Chemoreceptor Activation -- 3. Chemoreceptors -- 3.1. Chemoreceptor Location and Orientation -- 3.2. Morphology of (Presumptive) Chemosensory Cells -- 3.3. Chemotransduction Mechanisms -- 4. Central Integration and Efferent Pathways -- 5. Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Nociception -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neural Apparatus -- 2.1. Nociceptor Anatomy -- 2.2. Nociceptor Electrophysiology -- 3. Central Nervous System -- 3.1. Brain Structure -- 3.2. Pathways to the Brain -- 4. Moleculer Markers of Nociception -- 4.1. GABA.

4.2. Substance P and the Preprotachykinins -- 4.3. NMDA -- 4.4. Opioids, Endogenous Opioids, and Enkephalins -- 4.5. Global Gene Expression -- 5. Whole Animal Responses -- 5.1. Avoidance Learning -- 5.2. In Vivo Observations -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Visual Sensitivity And Signal Processing In Teleosts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Characteristics of the Visual System -- 2.1. Structure of the Eye -- 2.2. Brain Areas Involved in Vision -- 2.3. Summary -- 3. Absolute Visual Sensitivity -- 3.1. How to Measure Visual Sensitivity? -- 3.2. Dark Adaptation -- 3.3. Summary -- 4. Circadian Regulation of Visual Sensitivity -- 4.1. Circadian Modulation of Rod and Cone Sensitivity -- 4.2. Circadian Modulation of Rod-Cone Dominance -- 4.3. Circadian Regulation of Dopamine and Melatonin Release -- 4.4. Circadian Regulation of Opsin mRNA Expression -- 4.5. Summary -- 5. Chemosensory Modulation of Visual Sensitivity -- 5.1. The Terminal Nerve -- 5.2. Olfactory Stimulation Affects Visual Sensitivity via the TN Projection to the Retina -- 5.3. Mechanisms by Which the TN Modulates Visual Sensitivity -- 5.4. Significance of the Retinal Projection of the TN -- 5.5. Summary -- 6. Inherited and Acquired Impairments of Visual Sensitivity -- 6.1. Night Blindness Mutations -- 6.2. Acquired Impairments -- 6.3. Summary -- 7. Contrast Visual Sensitivity -- 7.1. Concepts of Contrast Sensitivity -- 7.2. Development and Dysfunction of Contrast Sensitivity -- 7.3. Summary -- 8. Spectral Visual Sensitivity -- 8.1. Spectral Coding -- 8.2. Tuning of Spectral Sensitivity -- 8.3. Summary -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Molecular and Cellular Regulation of Pineal Organ Responses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functional Organization of the Pineal -- 2.1. Anatomy -- 2.2. The Cell Types of the Pineal -- 2.3. Conclusions.

3. The Fish Pineal Organ: A Light Sensor -- 3.1. Components of the Phototransduction Cascade -- 3.2. Electrical Responses -- 3.3. Release of a Neurotransmitter -- 3.4. Conclusions -- 4. The Fish Pineal Organ: A Melatonin Factory -- 4.1. Melatonin is Synthesized Within the Photoreceptor Cells -- 4.2. The LD Cycle Synchronizes a Rhythm in Melatonin Production -- 4.3. Conclusions -- 5. Intracellular Regulation of Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 -- 5.1. Regulation of AANAT2 Protein -- 5.2. Regulation of AANAT2 Gene -- 5.3. Conclusions -- 6. Photoperiodic Versus Circadian Control Melatonin Production -- 6.1. Clock or No Clock -- 6.2. The Circadian Clock and the Melatonin Output -- 6.3. Conclusions -- 7. Nonphotic Regulation of Pineal Organ Output Signals -- 7.1. External Factors -- 7.2. Internal Factors -- 7.3. Conclusions -- 8. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Electroreception: Object Recognition in African Weakly Electric Fish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fish Electrogenesis -- 3. Fish Electroreception -- 4. Passive Electrolocation -- 5. Production of Electric Signals -- 6. Active Electrolocation -- 6.1. What Can Electric Fish Perceive About Their Environment During Active Electrolocation? -- 6.2. How Can the Fish Extract Information About Objects During Active Electrolocation? -- 6.3. Specializations of Certain Skin Regions for Active Electrolocation -- 6.4. How Does the Brain Extract Information About Objects During Active Electrolocation? -- 6.5. Higher Stages of the Electrosensory System -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetoreception -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Introduction to Magnetic Field Stimuli -- 2.1. The Earth's Magnetic Field -- 2.2. Magnetic Fields as Experimental Stimuli in the Laboratory -- 3. How Can Magnetic Fields Be Detected?.

3.1. Magnetic Field Detection by Electrical Induction -- 3.2. Magnetic Field Detection Based on Magnetite -- 4. Structure of Candidate Magnetite-Based Magnetoreceptors -- 5. Behavioral Responses to Magnetic Fields in the Laboratory -- 5.1. Orientation Responses to Magnetic Field Direction -- 5.2. Conditioned Responses to Spatial Variations in Magnetic Field Intensity -- 5.3. Other Experiments Using Conditioned Responses -- 6. Neural Responses to Magnetic Fields in the Laboratory -- 6.1. Induced Electrical Signals in Ampullary Electroreceptors -- 6.2. Responses in the Trigeminal Nerve of Teleost Fish -- 7. Neuroanatomy -- 8. Use of the Magnetic Sense in Navigation -- 8.1. Constraints on Theory and Experiment in the Study of Navigation by Fish -- 8.2. Hypotheses on Magnetic Navigation Mechanisms -- 8.3. Developing Experimental Approaches to Navigation -- 9. What is Known About the Navigational Abilities of Fish? -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Neural and Behavioral Mechanisms of Audition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Behavioral Studies of Audition -- 3. Peripheral and Central Auditory Pathways -- 3.1. Auditory System -- 3.2. Vocal Motor Inputs to Auditory System -- 4. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Audition -- 4.1. Encoding of Vocal Signals -- 4.2. Directional Hearing -- 5. Auditory Lateral Line Integration -- 6. Vocal Modulation of Inner Ear and Lateral Line -- 7. Steroid Hormones and Seasonal Changes in Hearing -- 8. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: The Lateral Line System of Fish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Lateral Line Periphery -- 2.1. Morphology -- 2.2. Natural Lateral Line Stimuli -- 2.3. Behavior -- 2.4. Multimodal Guidance of Behavior -- 2.5. Physiology -- 2.6. Responses to a Moving Vibrating Sphere -- 2.7. Responses to Moving Objects -- 2.8. Running Water.

2.9. Response Masking in Running Water -- 2.10. Central Pathways for Lateral Line Information Processing -- 2.11. Descending Recurrent Pathways -- 3. Central Physiology -- 3.1. Ongoing Activity -- 3.2. Latency -- 3.3. Dynamic Response Properties -- 3.4. Thresholds -- 3.5. Phasic Versus Tonic Responses -- 3.6. Frequency Encoding -- 3.7. Dynamic Amplitude Range -- 3.8. Lateral Line Maps -- 3.9. Receptive Field Organization -- 3.10. Moving Object Stimuli -- 3.11. Running Water Conditions -- 3.12. Multimodality -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Neuromodulatory Functions of Terminal Nerve-GnRH Neurons -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Electrophysiological and Morphological Features of Single TN-GnRH Neurons Revealed by Intracellular Recording and Labeling -- 3. GnRH Release Demonstrated by RIA -- 4. Pacemaker Mechanism of TN-GnRH Neurons -- 5. Modulation of Pacemaker Frequencies of TN-GnRH Neurons by GnRH -- 6. Autocrine/Paracrine Control of TN-GnRH Neuron Pacemaker Frequencies by GnRH -- 7. Cellular Mechanisms of Modulation of Pacemaker Frequencies by GnRH -- 7.1. Early Phase: Transient Decrease of Pacemaker Activity -- 7.2. Late Phase: Subsequent Increase of Firing Activity -- 7.3. Significance of Cell-to-Cell Electrical Interactions in the Cluster of TN-GnRH Neurons -- 7.4. Physiological Significance of the Pacemaker Activity and Its Modulation -- 8. Multimodal Sensory Inputs to TN-GnRH System -- 8.1. Neuroanatomical Evidence for Multimodal Sensory Inputs to TN-GnRH System -- 8.2. Glutamatergic Excitatory Inputs to TN-GnRH Neurons -- 8.3. Inhibitory Inputs to TN-GnRH Neurons -- 8.4. Fine Structural Evidence for Synaptic Inputs to TN-GnRH Neurons -- 9. Neuromodulatory Action of GnRH Peptides -- 10. Distribution of GnRH Receptors in the Brain -- 11. Nonsynaptic Release of GnRH -- 12. Modulation of Neural Functions by GnRH.

13. Behavioral Functions of TN-GnRH System.