Cover -- Environmental Hydraulics of Open Channel Flows -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the author -- Dedication -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- List of symbols -- Reminder -- Dimensionless numbers -- Notes -- Part 1 Introduction to Open Channel Flows -- 1. Introduction -- Summary -- 1.1 Presentation -- 1.1.1 Discussion: hydraulic engineering through history -- 1.2 Fluid properties -- 1.3 Fluid statics -- 1.4 Open channel flows -- 1.5 Exercises -- 2. Fundamentals of open channel flows -- Summary -- 2.1 Presentation -- Basic definitions -- 2.2 Fundamental principles -- Discussion: the Bernoulli equation -- Applications to open channel flow situations -- 2.3 Open channel hydraulics of short, frictionless transitions -- Application to horizontal channels -- Application to non-horizontal channels -- Froude number -- Discussion -- 2.4 The hydraulic jump -- 2.5 Open channel flow in long channels -- 2.5.1 Presentation -- 2.5.2 Uniform equilibrium flows -- 2.5.3 GVF calculations -- Integration of the GVF equation -- 2.6 Summary -- 2.7 Exercises -- Part 2 Turbulent Mixing and Dispersion in Rivers and Estuaries: An Introduction -- 3. Introduction to mixing and dispersion in natural waterways -- 3.1 Introduction -- Discussion -- 3.2 Laminar and turbulent flows -- Shear stress -- 3.3 Basic definitions -- 3.4 Structure of the section -- 3.5 Appendix A - Application: buoyancy force exerted on a submerged air bubble -- Spherical bubble -- Bubble rise velocity in still water -- Bubble rise velocity in a non-hydrostatic pressure gradient -- 3.6 Appendix B - Freshwater properties -- 3.7 Exercises -- 3.8 Exercise solutions -- 4. Turbulent shear flows -- 4.1 Presentation -- Summary -- DISCUSSION -- The Couette flow -- 4.2 Jets and wakes -- Discussion.

4.3 Boundary layer flows -- Velocity distribution -- Applications -- Turbulent boundary layer development along a smooth flat plate -- 4.4 Fully developed open channel flows -- 4.5 Mixing in turbulent shear flows -- 4.5.1 Presentation -- 4.5.2 Discussion: effects of contaminants on shear flows -- 4.6 Exercises -- 4.7 Exercise solutions -- 5. Diffusion: basic theory -- 5.1 Basic equations -- Summary -- 5.2 Applications -- 5.2.1 Initial mass slug -- DISCUSSION -- 5.2.2 Initial step function C[sub(m)](x, 0) -- 5.2.3 Sudden increase in mass concentration at the origin -- DISCUSSION -- 5.2.4 Effects of solid boundaries -- 5.3 Appendix A - Mathematical aids -- Differential operators -- Error function -- Notation -- Constants -- Mathematical bibliography -- 5.4 Exercises -- 5.5 Exercise solutions -- 6. Advective diffusion -- Summary -- 6.1 Basic equations -- 6.2 Basic applications -- 6.2.1 Advective diffusion of a sharp front -- 6.2.2 Initial mass slug introduced at t = 0 and x = 0 -- 6.2.3 Transverse mixing of two streams with different concentrations -- 6.2.4 Sudden mass contamination in a river -- 6.3 Two- and three-dimensional applications -- 6.4 Exercises -- 6.5 Exercise solutions -- 7. Turbulent dispersion and mixing: 1. Vertical and transverse mixing -- Summary -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Flow resistance in open channel flows -- 7.3 Vertical and transverse (lateral) mixing in turbulent river flows -- Discussion -- 7.4 Turbulent mixing applications -- 7.4.1 Transverse mixing downstream of a continuous point source -- 7.4.2 Transverse mixing downstream of a mass slug injection -- 7.4.3 Complete transverse mixing -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.5.1 Initial mixing -- 7.5.2 Applications -- 7.6 Appendix A - Friction factor calculations -- 7.7 Appendix B - Random walk model -- 7.8 Appendix C - Turbulent mixing in hydraulic jumps and bores -- 7.9 Exercises.

7.10 Exercise solutions -- 8. Turbulent dispersion and mixing: 2. Longitudinal dispersion -- Summary -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 One-dimensional turbulent dispersion -- 8.3 Longitudinal dispersion in natural streams -- 8.3.1 Basic equation -- Discussion -- 8.3.2 Dispersion coefficient in natural rivers -- Applications -- 8.4 Approximate models for longitudinal dispersion -- 8.4.1 The 'frozen cloud' approximation -- DISCUSSION -- Application -- 8.4.2 Discussion: the Hayami solution -- DISCUSSION -- 8.5 Design applications -- 8.5.1 Application No. 1 -- 8.5.2 Application No. 2 -- DISCUSSION -- 8.6 Exercises -- 8.7 Exercise solutions -- 9. Turbulent dispersion in natural systems -- Summary -- 9.1 Introduction -- Definitions -- 9.2 Longitudinal dispersion in natural rivers with dead zones -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Basic equation -- 9.2.3 Analytical solutions (instantaneous mass slug injection) -- 9.3 Dispersion and transport of reactive contaminants -- 9.3.1 Basic equation -- 9.3.2 Applications -- Sudden mass slug contamination in a river -- Sudden increase in mass concentration at the origin -- 9.3.3 Discussion -- 9.4 Transport with reaction -- 9.4.1 Basic equation -- 9.4.2 Application to dissolved oxygen content (DOC) in natural streams -- Re-oxygenation rate constant and decay rate -- 9.4.3 DO sag analysis -- 9.5 Appendix A - Air-water mass transfer in air-water flows -- 9.6 Appendix B - Solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water -- Solubility of oxygen -- Volumetric solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon -- 9.7 Appendix C - Molecular diffusion coefficients in water (after Chanson 1997a) -- 9.8 Exercises -- 9.9 Exercise solutions -- 10. Mixing in estuaries -- Summary -- 10.1 Presentation -- Seawater properties -- 10.2 Basic mechanisms -- 10.2.1 Mixing caused by winds -- 10.2.2 Mixing caused by tides -- Shear effect in estuaries.

Tidal pumping -- Tidal trapping -- 10.2.3 Mixing caused by the river -- 10.2.4 Discussion: mixing induced by tidal bores -- 10.3 Applications -- 10.3.1 Salt wedges -- 10.3.2 Steady vertical circulation -- 10.4 Turbulent mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuaries -- 10.5 Applications -- 10.5.1 Application no. 1: Ino-hana Lake, Hama-matsu (Japan) -- Discussion -- 10.5.2 Application no. 2: Eprapah Creek, Queensland (Australia) -- Discussion -- 10.5.3 Application no. 3: Strait of Gibraltar -- Discussion -- 10.6 Appendix A - Observations of mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuarine zones -- 10.6.1 Field observations of mixing in tidal bores -- 10.7 Exercises -- 10.8 Exercise solutions -- Part 2 Revision exercises -- Assignment solutions -- DISCUSSION -- Part 3 Introduction to Unsteady Open Channel Flows -- 11. Unsteady open channel flows: 1. Basic equations -- Summary -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic equations -- 11.2.1 Presentation -- 11.2.2 Integral form of the Saint-Venant equations -- 11.2.3 Differential form of the Saint-Venant equations -- Discussion -- 11.2.4 Flow resistance estimate -- Discussion -- Flood plain calculations -- 11.3 Method of characteristics -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- Discussion: graphical solution of the characteristic system of equations -- 11.3.2 Boundary conditions -- Initial and boundary conditions -- Types of boundary conditions -- DISCUSSION -- 11.3.3 Application: numerical integration of the method of characteristics -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 The dynamic equation -- Simplification of the dynamic wave equation for unsteady flows -- 11.4.2 Limitations of the Saint-Venant equations -- Flood plains -- Non-hydrostatic pressure distributions -- Sharp discontinuities -- DISCUSSION -- 11.4.3 Summary -- 11.5 Exercises -- 11.6 Exercise solutions -- 12. Unsteady open channel flows: 2. Applications -- Summary.

12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Propagation of waves -- 12.2.1 Propagation of a small wave -- 12.2.2 Propagation of a known discharge (monoclinal wave) -- 12.3 The simple wave problem -- 12.3.1 Basic equations -- 12.3.2 Application -- Discussion -- 12.4 Positive and negative surges -- 12.4.1 Presentation -- 12.4.2 Positive surge -- Simple wave calculations of a positive surge -- Positive surge propagating in uniform equilibrium flow -- Discussion -- 12.4.3 Negative surge -- Sudden complete opening -- Sudden partial opening -- Negative surge in a forebay -- 12.5 The kinematic wave problem -- 12.5.1 Presentation -- 12.5.2 Discussion -- 12.6 The diffusion wave problem -- 12.6.1 Presentation -- 12.6.2 Discussion -- 12.6.3 The Cunge-Muskingum method -- Empiricism: the Muskingum method!? -- Cunge-Muskingum method -- 12.7 Appendix A - Gaussian error functions -- 12.7.1 Gaussian error function -- 12.7.2 Complementary error function -- 12.8 Exercises -- 12.9 Exercise solutions -- 13. Unsteady open channel flows: 3. Application to dam break wave -- Summary -- 13.1 Introduction -- Discussion: man-made dam failures -- 13.2 Dam break wave in a horizontal channel -- 13.2.1 Dam break in a dry channel -- 13.2.2 Dam break in a horizontal channel initially filled with water Presentation -- Extension to non-zero initial flow velocity -- Discussion -- 13.3 Effects of flow resistance -- 13.3.1 Flow resistance effect on dam break wave on horizontal channel -- Dam break wave calculations with flow resistance -- 13.3.2 Dam break wave down a sloping channel -- Basic theory -- Dam break wave down a sloping stepped chute -- 13.3.3 Further dam break wave conditions -- DISCUSSION -- 13.4 Embankment dam failures -- 13.4.1 Introduction -- 13.4.2 Embankment breach -- Breach development -- 13.5 Related flow situations -- 13.6 Exercises -- 13.7 Exercise solutions.

14. Numerical modelling of unsteady open channel flows.