Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LOG SCALING -- 2.1 Basic Concepts, Commonalities and Differences of Log Scales -- 2.2 Cubic Measure and the Major Cubic Log Scaling Methods in Use -- 2.2.1 The USFS National Cubic Log Scale (USA) -- 2.2.2 BC Firmwood Scale (Canada) -- 2.2.3 Alberta Cubic Metre Scale (Canada) -- 2.2.4 The Ontario Cubic Method (Canada) -- 2.2.5 Swedish National Board of Forestry Log Scale (Sweden) -- 2.2.6 Russian Government Standard (Russia and members of the former USSR) -- 2.2.7 Cubage au Réel (France) -- 2.2.8 New Zealand 3-D and Mid-girth methods (New Zealand) -- 2.2.9 Brereton, ATIBT method (Africa, Oceania, South America, Asia, Japan) -- 2.2.10 Hoppus (Africa, Oceania, South America, Asia) -- 2.2.11 JAS Scale (Japan, Chile, East Asia, Oceania, Australia) -- 2.3 The Major Product Output Rules in Use -- 2.3.1 Scribner Short Log Rule (western USA) -- 2.3.2 Scribner Long Log Rule (northwestern USA, west coast Canada) -- 2.3.3 The Doyle Log Rule (central and eastern North America) -- 2.3.4 International ¼-Inch Log Rule (eastern North America) -- 2.4 Other Methods of Scaling -- 2.4.1 Weight scale -- 2.4.2 Stacked wood scale -- 2.4.3 Automated measurement systems (scanners, photo-cells) -- 2.5 Converting between Log Scaling Methods -- 2.5.1 Modelling conversion factors -- 2.5.2 Examples of using conversions -- 2.6 Sample Scaling -- 2.6.1 Determining sample size -- 2.6.2 Types of sample scaling -- 2.6.3 Population and subpopulations to be expanded (stratum) -- 2.6.4 Level of expansion -- 2.6.5 Expansion time window -- 3. MEASURING LOG YARD INVENTORIES AND MILL USAGE VOLUME -- 3.1 Basic Concepts -- 3.2 Methods of Measuring Log Yard Inventory -- 3.2.1 Stacked measure (deck factors) -- 3.2.2 Scaled inventory -- 3.2.3 Sample scaled inventory.

3.2.4 Weight expanded inventory -- 3.2.5 Count (load or log) -- 3.2.6 Book estimated inventory -- 3.3 Calculating Mill Log Usage Volume -- 3.3.1 Measure the inventory and deliveries, and solve for the usage -- 3.3.2 Measure the production and solve for the usage by utilizing a recovery factor -- 3.3.3 Measure usage directly -- 4. MEASURING LOG QUALITY -- 4.1 Log Grading -- 4.1.1 Grading sawlogs and peelers -- 4.1.2 Grading chip logs -- 4.2 Log Manufacturing Quality -- 5. ROUNDWOOD WEIGHT AND GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 5.1 The Variables that Determine Weight-to-Volume Ratios -- 5.1.1 Moisture content -- 5.1.2 Wood density -- 5.1.3 Bark volume and weight -- 5.1.4 Deducted defect volume -- 5.2 Conversions to and from Weight -- 6. METRICS OF LUMBER RECOVERY -- 6.1 Measuring Lumber Volume -- 6.1.1 Lumber board foot measure -- 6.1.2 Lumber cubic volume -- 6.2 Factors Affecting Lumber Recovery -- 6.2.1 Milling efficiency -- 6.2.2 Log characteristics -- 6.3 Recovery Trends by Log Size and Lumber Products Produced -- 6.3.1 Cubic scaled logs -- 6.3.2 Product output scaled logs -- 7. METRICS OF PLYWOOD/VENEER RECOVERY -- 7.1 Measuring Plywood and Veneer Volume -- 7.2 Factors Affecting Plywood and Veneer Recovery -- 7.2.1 Milling efficiency -- 7.2.2 Log characteristics -- 7.3 Plywood and Veneer Recovery Trends by Log Size and Scaling Method -- 7.3.1 Cubic scaled logs -- 7.3.2 Product output scaled logs -- 8. METRICS OF WOOD CHIPS AND OTHER RESIDUE RECOVERY FROM LOGS -- 8.1 Units of Measure -- 8.2 Product Recovery -- 8.2.1 Chips -- 8.2.2 Sawdust -- 8.2.3 Shavings -- 8.2.4 Bark -- 8.2.5 Residual wood fibre-to-product ratios -- 8.2.6 Wood energy -- REFERENCES -- Appendix 1 MEASURING LOG VOLUME -- Appendix 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEIGHT-TO-VOLUME DATA -- Appendix 3 GLOSSARY -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O.

P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y.