Cover Page -- Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control -- Copyright Page -- FOREWORD TO THE THIRD EDITION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 01 Background and Technical Aspects -- 1.1. Important General Characteristics -- 1.2. Types and Significance of Information -- 1.3. The Value of Integration -- 1.4. The Economy of Scale -- 1.5. Chemical Processing -- 1.5.1. Types of Reactors -- 1.5.2. Fluid Flow Through Pipes -- 1.5.3. Controlling and Recording Instrumentation -- 1.5.4. Costs of Operation -- 1.5.5. Conversion and Yield -- 1.5.6. Importance of Reaction Rate -- 1.6. Chemical Volume Perspectives -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 02 Air Quality Measurement and Effects of Pollution -- 2.1. Significance of Human Activity on Atmospheric Quality -- 2.2. Natural Contaminants -- 2.3. Classification of Air Pollutants -- 2.4. Particulate Measurement and Identification -- 2.5. Aerosol Measurement and Identification -- 2.6. Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants -- 2.6.1. Concentration Units for Gases in Air -- 2.6.2. Wet Chemical Analysis of Gases -- 2.6.3. Instrumental Methods for Gas Analysis -- 2.6.4. Biological Methods for Air Pollution Assessment -- 2.7. Effects of Air Pollutants -- 2.7.2. Classical and Photochemical Smogs -- 2.7.1. Indoor Air Pollution -- 2.7.3. Acid Rain -- 2.7.4. Arctic Haze -- 2.7.5. Human Effects of Particulate Exposure -- 2.7.6. Climatic Effects -- 2.7.7. Stratospheric Ozone -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 03 Air Pollution Control Priorities and Methods -- 3.1. Air Pollutant Inventories -- 3.2. Automotive Emission Control -- 3.3. Air Pollutant Weighting -- 3.4. Methods and Limitations of Air Pollutant Dispersal.

3.5. Air Pollution Abatement by Containment -- 3.5.1. Precombustion Removal Methods -- 3.6. Postcombustion Emission Control -- 3.6.1. Particulate and Aerosol Collection Theory -- 3.6.2. Particulate and Aerosol Collection Devices -- 3.6.3. Hydrocarbon Emission Control -- 3.6.4. Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions -- 3.6.5. Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions -- 3.6.6. Carbon Dioxide Emission Abatement -- 3.6.7. Abatement of Methane Losses -- 3.6.8. Halocarbon Loss Abatement -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 04 Water Quality Measurement -- 4.1. Water Quality and Supply Overview -- 4.2. Water Quality Criteria and their Measurement -- 4.3. Specifying Concentrations in Water -- 4.4. Suspended Solids -- 4.5. Dissolved Solids -- 4.6. Total Solids or Residue Analysis -- 4.7. Dissolved Oxygen Content -- 4.8. Relative Acidity and Alkalinity -- 4.9. Toxic Substances -- 4.10. Microorganisms -- 4.11. Temperature -- 4.12. Oxygen Demand -- 4.12.1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- 4.12.2. Chemical Oxygen Demand -- 4.12.3. Total Organic Carbon And Oxygen Demand -- 4.13. Biological Indicators -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 05 Raw Water Processing and Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1. Water Quality Related to End Uses -- 5.2. Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies -- 5.3. Simple Municipal Water Treatment -- 5.4. More Elaborate Municipal Water Treatment Methods -- 5.5. Municipal Water by Desalination -- 5.6. Water Quality Requirements of Industry -- 5.7. Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters -- 5.8. Discharge Requirements and Postdischarge Remedies -- 5.9. Stream Assimilatory Capacities -- 5.10. Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment -- 5.11. Tertiary, or Advanced Sewage Treatment -- 5.12. Sludge Handling and Disposal -- 5.13. Industrial Liquid Waste Disposal -- 5.13.1. Aqueous Wastes with High Suspended Solids.

5.13.2. Aqueous Wastes Containing an Immiscible Liquid -- 5.13.3. Heated Effluent Discharges -- 5.13.4. Aqueous Waste Streams with a High Oxygen Demand -- 5.13.5. Highly Colored Wastewaters -- 5.13.6. Fluid and Solid Combustible Wastes -- 5.13.7. Neutralization and Volume Reduction of Intractible Waste -- 5.13.8. Ultimate Destruction or Disposal of Hazardous Wastes -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 06 Natural and Derived Sodium and Potassium Salts -- 6.1. Sodium Chloride -- 6.1.1. Solar Salt -- 6.1.2. Sodium Chloride by Conventional Mining -- 6.1.3. Solution Mining of Sodium Chloride -- 6.1.4. New Developments in Sodium Chloride Recovery -- 6.2. Potassium Salts -- 6.2.1. Potassium Carbonate -- 6.2.2. Potassium Chloride Production and Use Pattern -- 6.2.3. Potassium Chloride Recovery from Natural Brines -- 6.2.4. Potassium Chloride Recovery by Conventional Mining and Froth -- 6.2.5. Solution Mining of Potassium Chloride -- 6.2.6. Environmental Aspects of Sodium and Potassium Chloride -- 6.2.7. New Developments in Potassium Chloride Recovery -- 6.3. Sodium Sulfate -- 6.3.1. Production and Use Pattern for Sodium Sulfate -- 6.3.2. Recovery from Natural Brines -- 6.3.3. By-product Sodium Sulfate -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 07 Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes -- 7.1. Calcium Carbonate -- 7.2. Calcium Oxide -- 7.2.1. Lime Kiln Emission Control -- 7.2.2. Uses of Calcium Oxide -- 7.3. Calcium Hydroxide -- 7.3.1. Uses of Calcium Hydroxide -- 7.4. Sodium Carbonate -- 7.4.1. Synthetic Sodium Carbonate -- 7.4.2. Natural Sodium Carbonate -- 7.4.3. Environmental Aspects of Sodium Carbonate Production -- 7.4.4. Uses of Sodium Carbonate -- 7.5. Sodium Hydroxide by Causticization -- 7.5.1. Emission Control, Causticization Process -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References.

Chapter 08 Electrolytic Sodium Hydroxide, Chlorine, and Related -- 8.1. Electrochemical Background and Brine Pretreatment -- 8.2. Brine Electrolysis in Diaphragm Cells -- 8.2.1. Purification of Diaphragm Cell Products -- 8.3. Brine Electrolysis in Chlorate Cells -- 8.4. Electrochemical Aspects of Brine Electrolysis -- 8.5. Brine Electrolysis in Mercury Cells -- 8.6. Brine Electrolysis in Membrane Cells -- 8.7. Emission Control -- 8.7.1. Emission Control Aspects of Diaphragm Cells -- 8.7.2. Emission Control Aspects of Mercury Cells -- 8.7.3. Emission Control Aspects of Membrane Cells -- 8.8. New Developments in Brine Electrolysis -- 8.9. Balancing Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide Production -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 09 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid -- 9.1. Commercial Production of Sulfur -- 9.2. Properties of Elemental Sulfur -- 9.3. Sulfur Recovery by Mining and Retorting -- 9.4. Frasch Sulfur -- 9.4.1. Environmental Aspects of Frasch Operations -- 9.5. Sulfur From Sour Natural Gas -- 9.5.1. Amine Absorption Process for Hydrogen Sulfide -- 9.5.2. Claus Process Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to Sulfur -- 9.5.3. New Developments and Emission Controls, Claus -- 9.6. Sulfuric Acid -- 9.6.1. Contact Process Sulfuric Acid -- 9.7. Chamber Process Sulfuric Acid -- 9.8. Emission Containment for Sulfuric Acid Plants -- 9.8.1. Contact Process Sulfuric Acid Emission Control -- 9.8.2. Emission Control for Chamber Process Acid Plants -- 9.9. Recycling of Sulfuric Acid -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 10 Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid -- 10.1. Phosphate Rock Deposits and Beneficiation -- 10.1.1. End Use Areas for Phosphate Rock -- 10.1.2. Environmental Impacts of Phosphate Rock Processing -- 10.2. Elemental Phosphorus -- 10.2.1. Electric Furnace Phosphorus -- 10.2.2. Uses of Elemental Phosphorus.

10.2.3. Environmental Aspects of Phosphorus Production -- 10.3. Phosphoric Acid via Phosphorus Combustion -- 10.3.1. Environmental Factors of Furnace Phosphoric Acid -- 10.4. Phosphoric Acid using Sulfuric Acid Acidulation -- 10.4.1. Operation of the Acidulation Process -- 10.4.2. Purification of the Product Acid -- 10.4.3. Recent Developments in Sulfuric Acid Acidulation -- 10.4.4. Emission Control Measures for Wet Process Acid -- 10.5. Phosphoric Acid using Hydrochloric Acid Acidulation -- 10.5.1. Product Recovery by Solvent Extraction -- 10.5.2. Haifa (or IMI) Phosphoric Acid Process Details -- 10.5.3. Haifa Process By-products and Waste Disposal -- 10.6. Major Producers and Users of Phosphoric Acid -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Their Derivatives -- 11.1. Ammonia -- 11.1.1. Background -- 11.1.2. Principles of Ammonia Synthesis: The Haber or -- 11.1.3. Feedstocks for Ammonia Synthesis by Air Distillation -- 11.1.4. Ammonia Feedstocks by Reforming and Secondary -- 11.1.5. Ammonia Synthesis -- 11.1.6. Major Uses of Ammonia -- 11.1.7. New Developments in Ammonia Synthesis -- 11.1.8. Environmental Concerns of Ammonia Production -- 11.2. Nitric Acid -- 11.2.1. Background -- 11.2.2. Nitric Acid by Ammonia Oxidation: Chemistry and -- 11.2.3. Process Description -- 11.2.4. Nitric Acid Concentrations and Markets -- 11.2.5. Nitric Acid Process Variants and New -- 11.2.6. Emission Control Features -- 11.3. Commercial Ammonium Nitrate -- 11.3.1. Background -- 11.3.2. Production of Ammonium Nitrate -- 11.4. Production of Urea -- 11.5. Synthetic Fertilizers -- 11.5.1. Fertilizer Composition -- 11.5.2. Formulation of Major Active Constituents -- 11.5.3. Environmental Aspects of Fertilizer Production and Use -- Review Questions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 12 Aluminum and Compounds.

12.1. Historical Background.