Front Cover -- Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Marine Mammals-"What Are They?" -- 1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life -- 1.3. Scope and Use of This Book -- 1.4. Time Scale -- 1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals -- 1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science -- 1.7. Further Reading and Resources -- References -- PART I: Evolutionary History -- Chapter 2. Systematics and Classification -- 2.1. Introduction: Systematics-What Is It and Why Do It? -- 2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts -- 2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics? -- 2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses -- 2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework: Elucidating Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns -- 2.6. Taxonomy and Classification -- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 2.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Origin and Evolution -- 3.3. Summary and Conclusions -- 3.4. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Origin and Evolution -- 4.3. Summary and Conclusions -- 4.4. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians -- 5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives-Desmostylia -- 5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos -- 5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans -- 5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris -- 5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus -- 5.8. Summary and Conclusions -- 5.9. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6. Evolutionary Biogeography -- 6.1. Introduction-What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important? -- 6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals -- 6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution.

6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns -- 6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution -- 6.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 6.7. Further Reading and Resources -- References -- PART II: Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, And Behavior -- Chapter 7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Integumentary System -- 7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs -- 7.4. Summary and Conclusions -- 7.5. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Pinnipeds -- 8.3. Cetaceans -- 8.4. Sirenians -- 8.5. Sea Otter -- 8.6. Polar Bear -- 8.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 8.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 9. Energetics -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Metabolic Rates -- 9.3. Thermoregulation -- 9.4. Energetics of Locomotion -- 9.5. Osmoregulation -- 9.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 9.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 10. Respiration and Diving Physiology -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders -- 10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving -- 10.4. Diving Response -- 10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns -- 10.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 10.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water -- 11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception -- 11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds -- 11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency Military Sonars -- 11.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 11.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 12. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance -- 12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds -- 12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans.

12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians -- 12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals -- 12.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 12.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 13. Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System -- 13.3. Mating Systems -- 13.4. Lactation Strategies -- 13.5. Reproductive Patterns -- 13.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 13.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 14. Population Structure and Dynamics -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals -- 14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations -- 14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics -- 14.5. Summary and Conclusions -- 14.6. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 15. Exploitation and Conservation -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals -- 15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection -- 15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals -- 15.5. Environmental Contaminants -- 15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings -- 15.7. Ecotourism -- 15.8. Progress and the Future -- 15.9. Summary and Conclusions -- 15.10. Further Reading -- References -- Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals -- Glossary -- Index.