Front cover -- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Approches to Understanding the Neurobiological Basis of Learning and Memory -- CHAPTER 1: Historical Perspective -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. METAPHORS OF MEMORY -- III. ADVANCES IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY -- IV. PESSIMISM IN MIDCENTURY, THEN RAPID GAINS -- V. NEUROCHEMICAL AND NEUROANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE -- VI. GENETIC STUDIES OF LEARNING ABILITY: FROM SELECTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY -- VII. CHANGING CONCEPTS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY FORMATION -- VIII. NEUROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY -- IX. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY -- X. MEMORY DURING AGING -- XI. HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY -- XII. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2: Developmental Approaches to the Memory Process -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIENCE-EXPECTANT AND EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT NEURAL PLASTICITY -- III. QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY -- IV. NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF THE LEARNING PROCESS -- V. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEMORY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3: Genetics in Learning and Memory -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENETIC SCREENING OF LEARNING AND MEMORY MUTANTS -- III. GENETIC MANIPULATION OF CANDIDATE LEARNING AND MEMORY GENES -- IV. GENETIC DISSECTION OF LEARNING AND MEMORY -- V. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFRENCES -- CHAPTER 4: Gene Expression in Learning and Memory -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENE EXPRESSION AND LEARNING AND MEMORY -- III. LTP AND GENE EXPRESSION -- IV. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5: Mnemonic Contributions of Hippocampal Place Cells -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PLACE FIELDS: SENSORY AND MOVEMENT CORRELATES -- III. PLACE FIELDS: RELATIONSHIP TO LEARNING AND MEMORY -- IV. FUTURE ISSUES TO CONSIDER.

V. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6: Computations in Memory Systems in the Brain -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FUNCTIONS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY -- III. SHORT-TERM MEMORY SYSTEMS -- IV. INVARIANT VISUAL-OBJECT RECOGNITION -- V. VISUAL STIMULUS-REWARD ASSOCIATION, EMOTION, AND MOTIVATION -- VI. EFFECTS OF MOOD ON MEMORY AND VISUAL PROCESSING -- VII. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7: Modulation of Learning and Memory by Adrenal and Ovarian Hormones -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. STRESS HORMONES AND MEMORY -- III. GONADAL STEROIDS AND COGNITION -- IV. MAJOR POINTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II: The Contribution of Neural Systems in Mediating Learning and Memory -- CHAPTER 8: Neurobiological Views of Memory -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: EVENT-BASED MEMORY -- III. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: KNOWLEDGE-BASED MEMORY -- IV. SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE: RULE-BASED MEMORY -- V. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Memory -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MTL ANATOMY -- III. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS RESULTING FROM MTL DAMAGE -- IV. FUNCTIONAL SEGREGATION WITHIN MTL -- V. CONSEQUENCES OF SELECTIVE HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS -- VI. NEUROIMAGING OF ITEM AND CONJUNCTIVE MEMORY -- VII. HIPPOCAMPAL SUBFIELD FUNCTION -- VIII. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10: Bootstrapping Your Brain: How Interactions Between the Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia May Produce Organized Actions and Lofty Thoughts -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. COGNITIVE CONTROL AND THE PFC -- III. THE BASAL GANGLIA -- IV. DOPAMINERGIC TEACHING SIGNALS -- V. FAST, SUPERVISED BG PLASTICITY VERSUS SLOWER, LESS SUPERVISED CORTICAL PLASTICITY -- VI. FRONTAL CORTEX-BASAL GANGLIA LOOPS: RECURSIVE PROCESSING AND BOOTSTRAPPING -- VII. SUMMARY: FRONTAL CORTEX-BG LOOPS FOR GOAL-DIRECTED LEARNING -- REFERENCES.

CHAPTER 11: Role of the Striatum in Learning and Memory -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FEATURES OF STRIATAL ANATOMY -- III. INVOLVEMENT OF DORSAL STRIATUM IN LEARNING AND MEMORY -- IV. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LATERAL STRIATUM TO LEARNING AND MEMORY -- V. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MEDIAL STRIATUM TO LEARNING AND MEMORY -- VI. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12: Neural Systems Involved in Fear and Anxiety Based on the Fear-Potentiated Startle Test -- I. CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED FEAR -- II. FEAR VERSUS ANXIETY -- III. ANIMAL MODELS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY -- IV. THE FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE EFFECT -- V. FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE IN HUMANS -- VI. NEURAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE -- VII. FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE MEASURED ELECTROMYOGRAPHICALLY -- VIII. THE POINT IN THE STARTLE PATHWAY WHERE FEAR MODULATES TRANSMISSION -- IX. PROJECTIONS TO THE PNC -- X. ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA IN FEAR -- XI. INTRACELLULAR EVENTS INVOLVED IN FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE -- XII. WHAT DOES THE BNST DO? A PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS BASED ON RESULTS FROM FEAR-CONDITIONING AND ACOUSTIC STARTLE STUDIES -- XIII. EXTINCTION OF FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE -- XIV. FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE -- XV. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13: Cerebellar Learning -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBELLUM -- III. THE CEREBELLUM LEARNS -- IV. HOW THE CEREBELLUM LEARNS -- V. CONTRIBUTION OF LEARNING TO CEREBELLAR INFORMATION PROCESSING -- VI. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Applications of the Importance of Learning and Memory to Applied Issues -- CHAPTER 14: Reward and Drugs of Abuse -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. REWARD, ADDICTION, AND LEARNING -- III. ACQUISITION -- IV. CONSOLIDATION - LONG-TERM CHANGES FOLLOWING CHRONIC DRUG USE -- V. RETRIEVAL -- VI. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15: Memory Changes with Age: Neurobiological Correlates.

I. INTRODUCTION -- II. METHODS MATTER -- III. LEARNING AND MEMORY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING -- IV. INVOLVEMENT OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY -- V. NORMAL BRAIN AGING OUTSIDE THE HIPPOCAMPUS -- VI. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16: Neurodegenerative Diseases and Memory: A Treatment Approach -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM -- III. TREATMENT APPROACH: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS -- IV. THE GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEM -- V. ROLE OF NEUROINFLAMMATION IN NEURODEGENERATION -- VI. EFFECT OF NEUROINFLAMMATION ON CHOLINERGIC FUNCTION -- VII. TREATMENT APPROACH: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY -- VIII. TREATMENT APPROACH: GLUTAMATE CHANNEL ANTAGONISM -- IX. ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIA FAILURE IN NEURODEGENERATION -- X. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH b-AMYLOID -- XI. b-AMYLOID: TREATMENT APPROACHES -- XII. NMDA RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH TAU PROTEINS -- XIII. TREATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE SYMPTOMS WITH GINKGO BILOBA -- XIV. TREATMENT APPROACH OF THE FUTURE: NEUROPROTECTION -- XV. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17: Enhancement of Learning and Memory Performance: Modality-Specific Mechanisms of Action -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MECHANISMS OF ATTENTION/ENCODING ENHANCEMENT -- III. MECHANISMS OF STORAGE/CONSOLIDATION ENHANCEMENT -- IV. MECHANISMS OF RETRIEVAL/RECALL ENHANCEMENT -- V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- VI. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- Index.