Front Cover -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Preface to Third Edition -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Series Editor's Preface -- Acknowledgement -- 1 Introduction to Design -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. NATURE OF DESIGN -- 1.2.1. The design objective (the need) -- 1.2.2. Data collection -- 1.2.3. Generation of possible design solutions -- 1.2.4. Selection -- 1.3. THE ANATOMY OF A CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS -- 1.3.1. Continuous and batch processes -- 1.4. THE ORGANISATION OF A CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROJECT -- 1.5. PROJECT DOCUMENTATION -- 1.6. CODES AND STANDARDS -- 1.7. FACTORS OF SAFETY (DESIGN FACTORS) -- 1.8. SYSTEMS OF UNITS -- 1.9. DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND DESIGN VARIABLES. THE MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE DESIGN PROBLEM -- 1.9.1. Information flow and design variables -- 1.9.2. Selection of design variables -- 1.9.3. Information flow and the structure of design problems -- 1.10. OPTIMISATION -- 1.10.1. General procedure -- 1.10.2. Simple models -- Example 1.1 -- 1.10.3. Multiple variable problems -- 1.10.4. Linear programming -- 1.10.5. Dynamic programming -- 1.10.6. Optimisation of batch and semicontinuous processes -- 1.11 REFERENCES -- 1.12 NOMENCLATURE -- 1.13 PROBLEMS -- 2 Fundamentals of Material Balances -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. THE EQUIVALENCE OF MASS AND ENERGY -- 2.3. CONSERVATION OF MASS -- Example 2.1 -- 2.4. UNITS USED TO EXPRESS COMPOSITIONS -- Example 2.2 -- 2.5. STOICHIOMETRY -- Example 2.3 -- 2.6. CHOICE OF SYSTEM BOUNDARY -- Example 2.4 -- 2.7. CHOICE OF BASIS FOR CALCULATIONS -- 2.8. NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT COMPONENTS -- Example 2.5 -- 2.9. CONSTRAINTS ON FLOWS AND COMPOSITIONS -- Example 2.6 -- 2.10. GENERAL ALGEBRAIC METHOD -- 2.11. TIE COMPONENTS -- Example 2.7 -- Example 2.8 -- 2.12. EXCESS REAGENT -- Example 2.9 -- 2.13. CONVERSION AND YIELD.

Example 2.10 -- Example 2.11 -- Example 2.12 -- 2.14. RECYCLE PROCESSES -- Example 2.13 -- 2.15. PURGE -- Example 2.14 -- 2.16. BY-PASS -- 2.17. UNSTEADY-STATE CALCULATIONS -- Example 2.15 -- 2.18. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR MATERIAL-BALANCE PROBLEMS -- 2.19. REFERENCES (FURTHER READING) -- 2.20. NOMENCLATURE -- 2.21. PROBLEMS -- 3 Fundamentals of Energy Balances (and Energy Utilisation) -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY -- 3.3. FORMS OF ENERGY (PER UNIT MASS OF MATERIAL) -- 3.3.1. Potential energy -- 3.3.2. Kinetic energy -- 3.3.3. Internal energy -- 3.3.4. Work -- 3.3.5. Heat -- 3.3.6. Electrical energy -- 3.4. THE ENERGY BALANCE -- Example 3.1 -- 3.5. CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC ENTHALPY -- Example 3.2 -- 3.6. MEAN HEAT CAPACITIES -- Example 3.3 -- 3.7. THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON HEAT CAPACITY -- Example 3.4 -- 3.8. ENTHALPY OF MIXTURES -- 3.8.1. Integral heats of solution -- Example 3.5 -- 3.9. ENTHALPY-CONCENTRATION DIAGRAMS -- Example 3.6 -- 3.10. HEATS OF REACTION -- 3.10.1. Effect of pressure on heats of reaction -- Example 3.7 -- 3.11. STANDARD HEATS OF FORMATION -- Example 3.8 -- 3.12. HEATS OF COMBUSTION -- Example 3.9 -- 3.13. COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION OF GASES -- 3.13.1. Mollier diagrams -- Example 3.10 -- 3.13.2. Polytropic compression and expansion -- Example 3.11 -- 3.13.3. Multistage compressors -- Example 3.12 -- Example 3.13 -- 3.13.4. Electrical drives -- 3.14. ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATIONS -- Energy 1, a simple computer program -- Example 3.14a -- Example 13.14b -- Example 3.14b -- 3.15. UNSTEADY STATE ENERGY BALANCES -- Example 3.15 -- 3.16. ENERGY RECOVERY -- 3.16.1. Heat exchange -- 3.16.2. Heat-exchanger networks -- 3.16.3. Waste-heat boilers -- 3.16.4. High-temperature reactors -- 3.16.5. Low-grade fuels -- Example 3.16 -- 3.16.6. High-pressure process streams -- Example 3.17 -- 3.16.7. Heat pumps.

3.17. PROCESS INTEGRATION AND PINCH TECHNOLOGY -- 3.17.1. Pinch technology -- 3.17.2. The problem table method -- 3.17.3. The heat exchanger network -- 3.17.4. Minimum number of exchangers -- Importance of the minimum temperature difference -- 3.17.5. Threshold problems -- 3.17.6. Multiple pinches and multiple utilities -- 3.17.7. Process integration: integration of other process operations -- Example 3.18 -- 3.18. REFERENCES -- 3.19. NOMENCLATURE -- 3.20. PROBLEMS -- 4 Flow-sheeting -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. FLOW-SHEET PRESENTATION -- 4.2.1. Block diagrams -- 4.2.2. Pictorial representation -- 4.2.3. Presentation of stream flow-rates -- 4.2.4. Information to be included -- 4.2.5. Layout -- 4.2.6. Precision of data -- 4.2.7. Basis of the calculation -- 4.2.8. Batch processes -- 4.2.9. Services (utilities) -- 4.2.10. Equipment identification -- 4.2.11. Computer aided drafting -- 4.3. MANUAL FLOW-SHEET CALCULATIONS -- 4.3.1. Basis for the flow-sheet calculations -- 4.3.2. Flow-sheet calculations on individual units -- Example 4.1 -- Example 4.2 -- Example 4.3 -- Example 4.4 -- 4.4. COMPUTER-AIDED FLOW-SHEETING -- 4.5. FULL STEADY-STATE SIMULATION PROGRAMS -- 4.5.1. Information flow diagrams -- 4.6. MANUAL CALCULATIONS WITH RECYCLE STREAMS -- 4.6.1. The split-fraction concept -- 4.6.2. Illustration of the method -- 4.6.3. Guide rules for estimating split-fraction coefficients -- 4.7. REFERENCES -- 4.8. NOMENCLATURE -- 4.9. PROBLEMS -- 5 Piping and Instrumentation -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. THE P AND I DIAGRAM -- 5.2.1. Symbols and layout -- 5.2.2. Basic symbols -- 5.3. VALVE SELECTION -- 5.4. PUMPS -- 5.4.1. Pump selection -- 5.4.2. Pressure drop in pipelines -- Example 5.1 -- 5.4.3. Power requirements for pumping liquids -- Example 5.2 -- 5.4.4. Characteristic curves for centrifugal pumps -- 5.4.5. System curve (operating line) -- Example 5.3.

5.4.6. Net positive suction head (NPSH) -- Example 5.4 -- 5.4.7. Pump and other shaft seals -- 5.5. MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS -- 5.5.1. Wall thickness: pipe schedule -- Example 5.5 -- 5.5.2. Pipe supports -- 5.5.3. Pipe fittings -- 5.5.4. Pipe stressing -- 5.5.5. Layout and design -- 5.6. PIPE SIZE SELECTION -- Example 5.6 -- Example 5.7 -- Example 5.8 -- 5.7. CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION -- 5.7.1. Instruments -- 5.7.2. Instrumentation and control objectives -- 5.7.3. Automatic-control schemes -- 5.8. TYPICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS -- 5.8.1. Level control -- 5.8.2. Pressure control -- 5.8.3. Flow control -- 5.8.4. Heat exchangers -- 5.8.5. Cascade control -- 5.8.6. Ratio control -- 5.8.7. Distillation column control -- 5.8.8. Reactor control -- 5.9. ALARMS AND SAFETY TRIPS, AND INTERLOCKS -- 5.10. COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS IN PROCESS CONTROL -- 5.11. REFERENCES -- 5.12. NOMENCLATURE -- 5.13. PROBLEMS -- 6 Costing and Project Evaluation -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. ACCURACY AND PURPOSE OF CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES -- 6.3. FIXED AND WORKING CAPITAL -- 6.4. COST ESCALATION (INFLATION) -- Example 6.1 -- 6.5. RAPID CAPITAL COST ESTIMATING METHODS -- 6.5.1. Historical costs -- Example 6.2 -- 6.5.2. Step counting methods -- Example 6.3 -- 6.6. THE FACTORIAL METHOD OF COST ESTIMATION -- 6.6.1. Lang factors -- 6.6.2. Detailed factorial estimates -- 6.7. ESTIMATION OF PURCHASED EQUIPMENT COSTS -- 6.8. SUMMARY OF THE FACTORIAL METHOD -- 6.9. OPERATING COSTS -- 6.9.1. Estimation of operating costs -- Example 6.4 -- 6.10. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PROJECTS -- 6.10.1. Cash flow and cash-flow diagrams -- 6.10.2. Tax and depreciation -- 6.10.3. Discounted cash flow (time value of money) -- 6.10.4. Rate of return calculations -- 6.10.5. Discounted cash-flow rate of return (DCFRR) -- 6.10.6. Pay-back time -- 6.10.7. Allowing for inflation.

6.10.8. Sensitivity analysis -- 6.10.9. Summary -- Example 6.5 -- Example 6.6 -- 6.11. COMPUTER METHODS FOR COSTING AND PROJECT EVALUATION -- 6.12. REFERENCES -- 6.13. NOMENCLATURE -- 6.14. PROBLEMS -- 7 Materials of Construction -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- 7.3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- 7.3.1. Tensile strength -- 7.3.2. Stiffness -- 7.3.3. Toughness -- 7.3.4. Hardness -- 7.3.5. Fatigue -- 7.3.6. Creep -- 7.3.7. Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties -- 7.4. CORROSION RESISTANCE -- 7.4.1. Uniform corrosion -- 7.4.2. Galvanic corrosion -- 7.4.3. Pitting -- 7.4.4. Intergranular corrosion -- 7.4.5. Effect of stress -- 7.4.6. Erosion-corrosion -- 7.4.7. High-temperature oxidation -- 7.4.8. Hydrogen embrittlement -- 7.5. SELECTION FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE -- 7.6. MATERIAL COSTS -- 7.7. CONTAMINATION -- 7.7.1. Surface finish -- 7.8. COMMONLY USED MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION -- 7.8.1. Iron and steel -- 7.8.2. Stainless steel -- 7.8.3. Nickel -- 7.8.4. Monel -- 7.8.5. Inconel -- 7.8.6. The Hastelloys -- 7.8.7. Copper and copper alloys -- 7.8.8. Aluminium and its alloys -- 7.8.9. Lead -- 7.8.10. Titanium -- 7.8.11. Tantalum -- 7.8.12. Zirconium -- 7.8.13. Silver -- 7.8.14. Gold -- 7.8.15. Platinum -- 7.9. PLASTICS AS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHEMICAL PLANT -- 7.9.1. Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) -- 7.9.2. Polyolefines -- 7.9.3. Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) -- 7.9.4. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) -- 7.9.5. Glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) -- 7.9.6. Rubber -- 7.10. CERAMIC MATERIALS (SILICATE MATERIALS) -- 7.10.1. Glass -- 7.10.2. Stoneware -- 7.10.3. Acid-resistant bricks and tiles -- 7.10.4. Refractory materials (refractories) -- 7.11. CARBON -- 7.12. PROTECTIVE COATINGS -- 7.13. DESIGN FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE -- 7.14. REFERENCES -- 7.15. NOMENCLATURE -- 7.16. PROBLEMS -- 8 Design Information and Data.

8.1. INTRODUCTION.