Front cover -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Why Use a DSP? -- What is Digital Signal Processing -- 1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing -- A Brief History of Digital Signal Processing -- Advantages of DSP -- DSP Systems -- Analog-to-Digital Conversion -- Digital-to-Analog Conversion -- Applications for DSPs -- Low-Cost DSP Applications -- Power Efficient DSP Applications -- High Performance DSP Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Introduction -- Real-Time Systems -- 2 Overview of Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems -- Hard Real-Time and Soft Real-Time Systems -- DSP Systems are Hard Real-Time -- Efficient Execution and the Execution Environment -- Challenges in Real-Time System Design -- Response Time -- Recovering from Failures -- Distributed and Multiprocessor Architectures -- Embedded Systems -- Summary -- Embedded Systems -- 3 Overview of Embedded Systems Development Life Cycle Using DSP -- The Embedded System Life Cycle Using DSP -- Step 1-Examine the Overall Needs of the System -- Step 2-Select the Hardware Components Required for the System -- Hardware Gates -- Software-Programmable -- General-Purpose Processors -- Microcontrollers -- FPGA Solutions -- Digital Signal Processors -- A General Signal Processing Solution -- DSP Acceleration Decisions -- Step 3-Understand DSP Basics and Architecture -- Models of DSP Processing -- Input/Output Options -- Calculating DSP Performance -- DSP Software -- DSP Frameworks -- Definition of an Algorithm -- 4 Overview of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms -- DSP Systems -- Analog-to-Digital Conversion -- An Audio Example -- The Nyquist Criteria -- Aliasing -- Anti-Aliasing Filter -- Sample Rate and Processor Speed -- A to D Converters -- Digital-to-Analog Conversion -- Multirate Applications -- Summary of Sampling -- Introduction to Filters.

Summary of Filter Types -- Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters -- FIR Filters as Moving Averages -- A Simple FIR -- Generalizing the Idea -- Hardware Implementation (or Flow Diagram) -- Basic Software Implementation -- FIR Filter Characteristics -- Adaptive FIR Filter -- Designing and Implementing FIRs Filters -- Basic FIR Optimizations for DSP Devices -- Summary of FIR Filters -- Infinite Impulse Response Filters -- IIR As a Difference Equation -- IIR As a Transfer Function -- IIR Filter Design -- IIR Trade-Offs -- DSP Architecture Optimization for Filter Implementation -- Fast Fourier Transforms -- Time vs. Frequency -- The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) -- The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) -- The Butterfly Structure -- Forms of the FFT Algorithm -- FFT Implementation Issues -- Summary -- Fast, Specialized Arithmetic -- 5 DSP Architectures -- High Bandwidth Memory Architectures -- Data and Instruction Memories -- Memory Options -- High Speed Registers -- Memory Interleaving -- Bank Switching -- Caches for DSPs -- Execution Time Predictability -- Direct Memory Access (DMA) -- DMA Example -- Pipelined Processing -- Limitations -- Resource Conflicts -- Pipeline Control -- Specialized Instructions and Address Modes -- Circular Addressing -- Bit-Reversed Addressing -- Examples of DSP Architectures -- Low-Cost Accumulator-Based Architecture -- Low-Power DSP Architecture -- Event-Driven Loops Applications -- A DSP With Idle Modes -- High-Performance DSP -- VLIW Load and Store DSP -- Summary -- References -- Introduction -- What Is Optimization? -- 6 Optimizing DSP Software -- The Process -- Make The Common Case Fast -- Make the Common Case Fast-DSP Architectures -- Make the Common Case Fast-DSP Algorithms -- Make the Common Case Fast-DSP Compilers -- An In-Depth Discussion of DSP Optimization -- Direct Memory Access -- Using DMA -- Staging Data.

Pending vs. Polling -- Managing Internal Memory -- Loop Unrolling -- Filling the Execution Units -- Reducing Loop Overhead -- Fitting the Loop to Register Space -- Trade-offs -- Software Pipelining -- An Example -- Enabling Software Pipelining -- Interrupts and Pipelined Code -- More on DSP Compilers and Optimization -- Compiler Architecture and Flow -- Compiler Optimizations -- Compile Time Options -- Programmer Helping Out the Compiler -- Intrinsics -- Keywords -- Inlining -- Reducing Stack Access Time -- Compilers Helping Out the Programmer -- Summary of Coding Guidelines -- Profile-Based Compilation -- Summary of the Code Optimization Process -- Summary -- References -- Introduction -- 7 Power Optimization Techniques Using DSP -- Power Optimization Techniques in DSP Devices -- Power Optimization for DSP Operating Systems -- Power Optimization Techniques for DSP Applications -- Using Idle Modes -- Top Ten Power Optimizations -- Power Optimization Life Cycle -- Power Optimization Summary -- References -- 8 Real-Time Operating Systems for DSP -- What Makes an OS an RTOS? -- Selecting an RTOS -- DSP Specializations -- Concepts of RTOS -- Task-Based -- Multitasking -- Rapid Response to Interrupts -- RTOS Scheduling -- Scheduler Jargon -- The RTOS Kernel -- System Calls -- Dynamic Memory Allocation -- Chip Support Software for DSP RTOS -- DSP RTOS Application Example -- Defining the Threads -- Determining Relative Priority of Threads -- Using Hardware Interrupts -- Thread Period -- Summary -- Deadlock -- Deadlock Prerequisites -- Handling Deadlock -- Shared Resource Integrity -- Solution-Mutual Exclusion -- Synchronizing Tasks for Mutual Exclusion -- Mutual Exclusion via Interrupt Control -- Mutual Exclusion with a Simple Semaphore -- Mutual Exclusion via Blocking Semaphores -- Mutual Exclusion Through Sharable Resources.

Circular Queue or Ring Buffer -- Pseudocode for a Ring Buffer -- Double Buffering -- Data Pipes -- Pseudocode for Telecommunication System Tasks -- Other Kinds of Synchronization -- Task Synchronization (Rendezvous) -- Conditional Synchronization -- Summary -- Schedulability and Response Times -- Scheduling Policies in Real-Time Systems -- Static Scheduling Policies -- Dynamic Scheduling Policies -- Scheduling Periodic Tasks -- Analyzing Scheduling Behavior in Preemptive Systems -- Rate Monotonic Analysis -- Completion Time Theorem -- Response Time Analysis -- Context Switch Overhead -- Analyzing More Complex Systems -- Deadline Monotonic Scheduling -- Scheduling with Task Synchronization -- Summary -- References -- 9 Testing and Debugging DSP Systems -- Debug Challenges for DSP -- Introduction to JTAG -- Emulation Basics -- Emulator System Components -- Emulator Physical Attributes -- Emulator/Target Communication -- On-Chip Emulation Capability -- Emulation Capabilities -- High-Speed Data Collection and Visualization -- Compiler and Linker Dependencies -- Real-Time Embedded Software Testing Techniques -- Task Synchronization and Interrupt Bugs -- Conclusion -- References -- Overview -- 10 Managing the DSP Software Development Effort -- Challenges in DSP Application Development -- The DSP Design Process -- Concept and Specification Phase -- DSP Algorithm Standards and Guidelines -- High-Level System Design and Performance Engineering -- Software Development -- System Build, Integration and Test -- Factory and Field Test -- Design Challenges for DSP Systems -- High Level Design Tools for DSP -- DSP Toolboxes -- Host Development Tools for DSP Development -- A Generic Data Flow Example -- Code Tuning and Optimization -- Getting Started -- Putting it all Together -- References -- Multicore System-on-a-Chip.

11 Embedded DSP Software Design Using Multicore System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Architectures -- Software Architecture for SoC -- Functions -- SoC System Boot Sequence -- Tools Support for SoC -- A Video Processing Example of SoC -- References -- Changes in DSP Technology-Hardware and Software -- 12 The Future of DSP Software Technology -- Foundations for Software Components -- Component-Aware IDEs -- Better Deployment and Maintenance -- From Closed to Open Embedded Systems -- Away From Undifferentiated Hacking -- Conclusion -- Introduction and Project Description -- A: Software Performance Engineering of an Embedded DSP System Application -- References -- B: More Tips and Tricks for DSP Optimization -- 1.0 Software Development Cycle -- DSP Technical Overview -- Functional Units -- Software Pipelining -- 3.0 Optimization Techniques -- C Code Optimizations -- Other System Level Optimizations -- Final Compiler Optimization -- Delay -- Comb Filter -- C: Cache Optimization in DSP and Embedded Systems -- References -- What Makes a Good Requirement? -- D: Specifying Behavior of Embedded DSP Systems -- Sequence Enumeration -- Assumptions -- It's Really All Just Math! -- Introduction -- E: Analysis Techniques for Real-Time DSP Systems -- Hardware and Software Simulation and Modeling -- Hardware/Software Emulation -- Rate Monotonic Analysis -- Theory of RMA -- Prototyping and Incremental Development -- Summary -- References -- Requirements of a DSP Algorithm Development Standard -- F: DSP Algorithmic Development- Rules and Guidelines -- General Programming Guidelines for DSP Algorithms -- DSP Algorithm Component Model -- DSP Algorithm Performance Characterization -- DSP-Specific Guidelines -- Use of the DMA Resource for Algorithm Development -- Rules and Guidelines for DSP Algorithm Development -- General Rules -- Examples of DSP Specific Rules.

Performance Characterization Rules.