Front Cover -- Environmental Monitoring and Characterization -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Reviewers -- Chapter 1. Monitoring and Characterization of the Environment -- The Environment -- Environmental Remediation and Restoration -- Scales of Observation -- Agencies -- Current and Future Status of Environmental Monitoring -- Purpose of this Textbook -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 2. Sampling and Data Quality Objectives in Environmental Monitoring -- Environmental Characteristics -- Representative Units -- Sampling Locations -- Types of Environmental Sampling -- Sampling Plan -- Analytical Data Quality Requirements -- Quality Control Checks -- Reporting Data -- Units of Measure -- Questions -- References and Additional Readings -- Chapter 3. Statistics and Geostatistics in Environmental Monitoring -- Samples and Population -- Random Variables -- Frequency Distribution and the Probability Density Function -- Sample Size and Confidence Intervals -- Covariance and Correlation -- Linear Regression -- Interpolation and Spatial Distributions -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 4. Automated Data Acquisition and Processing -- Measurement Concepts -- Automated Measurement -- Sensors and Transducers -- The Data Acquisition System -- Types of Data Acquisition Systems -- Data Management and Quality Control -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 5. Maps in Environmental Monitoring -- Principles of Mapping -- Locational and Land-Partitioning Systems -- Topographic Maps -- Soil Survey Maps -- Global Positioning System -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 6. Geographic Information Systems and Their Use for Environmental Monitoring -- Description of Geographic Information Systems -- Geographic Information Systems Data -- Thematic Data.

Models of Real-World Problems with Geographic Information Systems -- Geographic Information System Online Tools and Visualization -- The Future: Geographic Information Systems as a Community Resource -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 7. Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling -- Soil Sampling Strategies -- Classic Soil Sampling -- Soil Sampling in Agriculture -- Vadose Zone Sampling for Pollution Characterization -- Soil Samplers -- Soil-Pore Water Sampling -- Quality Control -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 8. Groundwater Sampling -- Groundwater Sampling Objectives -- Location of Monitor Wells -- Well Construction -- Design and Execution of Groundwater Sampling Programs -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 9. Monitoring Surface Waters -- The Changing States of Water -- Water Quality Parameters -- Sampling the Water Environment -- Sampling Techniques for Surface Waters -- Water Sampling Equipment -- Miscellaneous Field Methods -- Quality Control in Field Measurements and Sampling -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 10. Monitoring Near-Surface Air Quality -- Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere -- Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution -- History of Air Pollution Control -- Air Quality and Emissions Standards -- Sampling and Monitoring Considerations -- Air Sampling -- Direct Air Measurements -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 11. Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring -- Physical Principles of Remote Sensing -- Optical Properties of Earth Surface Materials -- Remote Sensing at the Landscape Scale -- Applications of Remote Sensing in Environmental Health and Toxicology -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 12. Environmental Physical Properties and Processes -- Measuring Basic Soil Properties.

Soil-Water Content -- Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity -- Measuring Hydraulic Heads -- Measuring Flow Directions, Gradients, and Velocities -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 13. Chemical Properties and Processes -- Soil Chemical Constituents -- Soil Chemical Processes -- Factors Controlling Soil Chemical Processes -- Rates of Chemical Processes in the Soil Environment -- Soil-Water Redox Potential and pH -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 14. Environmental Microbial Properties and Processes -- Benefit of Environmental Microbes -- What Are Microorganisms? -- Microorganisms in Soil -- Aquatic Environments -- Sampling Procedures for Microbial Characterization -- Sampling Methods for Surface Soils -- Strategies and Methods for Water Sampling -- Strategies and Methods for Air Sampling -- Methods for Characterizing Microorganisms and Microbial Properties in Water and Soil -- Application of Microorganisms for Toxicity Testing -- Important Microbial Processes -- State-of-the-Art Approaches for Monitoring Microbial Activities -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 15. Physical Contiaminants -- Naturally Occurring Particulates -- Human-Made Particulates -- Mechanisms and Control of Particulate Pollution -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 16. Chemical Contaminants -- Types of Contaminants -- Sources of Contaminants -- Contaminant Transport and Fate -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 17. Microbial Contaminants -- Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens -- Concept of Indicator Organisms -- Sample Processing and Storage -- Processing Environmental Samples for Viruses -- Processing Environmental Samples for Protozoan Parasites -- Field Analysis -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 18. Soil and Groundwater Remediation.

Superfund Process -- Site Characterization -- Remediation Technologies -- Monitored Natural Attenuation -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 19. Ecological Restoration -- Site Characterization -- Site Restoration -- Site Monitoring -- Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 20. Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulations -- Risk Assessment -- Process of Risk Assessment -- Microbial Risk Assessment -- Regulatory Overview -- Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Index.