Front Cover -- Handbook of The Biology of Aging -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Section I. Conceptual and Technical Issues -- Chapter 1. Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity -- I. Introduction -- II. General Overview of the Reliability Theory Approach -- III. Mortality, Failure, and Aging in Biological and Technical Systems -- IV. Explanations of Aging Phenomena Using Reliability Theory -- V. The Idea of High Initial Damage Load: The HIDL Hypothesis -- VI. Reliability Models of Aging for Biological Systems -- VII. Evolution of Species Reliability -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Are Age-Associated Diseases an Integral Part of Aging? -- I. Introduction -- II. Concepts of Biological Gerontology -- III. Age-Associated Diseases -- IV. Primary Aging, Secondary Aging, and "Normal Aging" -- V. Evolutionary Theory and Age-Associated Diseases -- VI. Analysis of Two Major Age-Associated Disease Processes -- VII. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Dietary Restriction, Hormesis, and Small Molecule Mimetics -- I. Introduction -- II. Key Discoveries -- III. Physiological Effects of DR on Mammals -- IV. Mechanisms of DR -- V. Small-Molecule CR Mimetics -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Aging, and Cancer -- I. Stem Cells -- II. Stem Cell Aging -- III. Stem Cells and Cancer -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Mitochondria: A Critical Role in Aging -- I. The Mitochondrion -- II. Evidence for Increased Oxidative Damage to Mitochondrial Components with Age -- III. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aging -- IV. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Age-Associated Disease -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. p53 and Mouse Aging Models -- I. Introduction to p53 -- II. p53 and Cellular Senescence.

III. Linkage of IGF-1, Sir2, and p53 Signaling -- IV. Mouse Models of Aging -- V. Mouse Models of Accelerated Aging -- VI. Mouse Models of Delayed Aging -- VII. Links to p53 in Mouse Aging Models -- VIII. Mutant Mouse p53 Models, Aging, and Cancer -- IX. Influence of p53 on Longevity in Humans -- X. How Might p53 Influence Organismal Aging? -- References -- Chapter 7. Complex Genetic Architecture of Drosophila Longevity -- I. Introduction -- II. Genome Scan for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) -- III. Deficiency Complementation Mapping -- IV. Complementation Tests to Mutations at Positional Candidate Genes -- V. Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Mapping -- VI. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8. Evolutionary Biology of Aging: Future Directions -- I. Introduction -- II. Genetics of Senescence -- III. From Physiology to Demography -- IV. Parasites and Immune Function -- V. Sex, Sexual Selection, and Sexual Conflict -- VI. Genetic Variation in Natural Populations -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Senescence in Wild Populations of Mammals and Birds -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence of Senescence in Wild Populations -- III. Patterns of Senescence -- IV. Methodological Difficulties in Evaluating Senescence in Wild Populations -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Biodemography of Aging and Age-Specific Mortality in Drosophila melanogaster -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Evidence for Age-Specific Effects -- III. Leveling-Off of Mortality Rates -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in Aging -- I. Introduction -- II. Technical Issues -- III. Biological Studies -- IV. Conclusions, Future Directions, and Challenges -- References -- Chapter 12. Computer Modeling in the Study of Aging -- I. Introduction -- II. Why Aging Particularly Needs Models.

III. Different Approaches to Modeling Biological Systems -- IV. Currently Available Models of Aging -- V. Models, Data Collection, and Experimental Design -- VI. Parameter Inference -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Section II: Non-Mammalian Models -- Chapter 13. Dissecting the Processes of Aging Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans -- I. Introduction -- II. Biology of C. elegans -- III. The age-1 Pathway -- IV. Mutations in Mitochondrial Components -- V. Caloric Restriction -- VI. Other Non-Genetic Ways to Extend Life -- VII. Other Discoveries -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 14. Genetic Manipulation of Life Span in Drosophila Melanogaster -- I. Introduction -- II. Genetic Methods for Manipulating Drosophila Life Span -- III. Screening for Drosophila Genes Affecting Life Span -- IV. Specific Genes Used to Extend the Life Span of Drosophila melanogaster -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Juvenile and Steroid Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster Longevity -- I. Introduction -- II. JH and 20E: Two Major Insect Hormones -- III. Effects of JH and 20E on Drosophila Aging -- IV. Candidate Genes Affecting Life Span Through JH and 20E Signaling -- V. Hormones, Nutrition, and Life Span -- VI. Hormonal Effects on Stress Resistance and Immunity -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. A Critical Evaluation of Nonmammalian Models for Aging Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Key Evolutionary Relationships -- III. Genomic Properties -- IV. Physiological and Pathophysiological Properties -- V. Empirically Investigating the Similarities and Differences Among Model Organisms -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Section III: Mammalian Models -- Chapter 17. Differential Aging Among Skeletal Muscles -- I. Introduction -- II. Changes in Muscle Mass and Composition -- III. Loss of Motor Units with Age.

IV. Altered Neuromuscular Junctions with Age -- V. Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- VI. Mechanical Properties -- VII. Biochemical Environment -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. Aging, Body Fat, and Carbohydrate Metabolism -- I. Introduction -- II. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Body Composition in Aging -- III. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19. Growth and Aging: Why Do Big Dogs Die Young? -- I. Introduction -- II. Body Size and Aging in Dogs -- III. Weight and Longevity in Mice -- IV. Anecdotal Size-Longevity Reports on Horses -- V. Height and Longevity in Humans -- VI. Nutritional Manipulations that Modulate Longevity and Body Size -- VII. Relation of Size to Longevity Among Different Species -- VIII. General Discussion: Why Do Big Dogs Die Young, and Is It Worth Figuring This Out? -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and the Biology of Aging -- I. Introduction -- II. Biological Actions of Growth Hormone -- III. Aging and the Growth Hormone Axis -- IV. Studies of Growth Hormone/IGF-1 Replacement -- V. Growth Hormone, IGF-1, and Life Span -- VI. Pleiotropic Effects of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21. Aging of the Female Reproductive System -- I. Introduction -- II. Menopause -- III. Definitions -- IV. Role of the Ovary in Reproductive Aging -- V. Role of the Central Nervous System in Female Reproductive Aging -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.