Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: easy questions and hard answers, what are they fighting about? -- Getting started: Northern Ireland and Catalonia -- Northern Ireland -- Catalonia -- Cultural expressions and ethnic conflict: initial questions -- What are ethnic conflicts about? -- Why the intensity? -- Why does each party offer such different accounts of the same conflict? -- Why should we study contested cultural expressions? -- Culture, identity, and ethnic conflict -- Culture -- Conflict and identity -- Culture, identity, and conflict mitigation -- What psychocultural analyses can and can't answer -- Plan of the book -- 2 The political psychology of competing narratives -- Introduction -- Psychocultural narratives -- Past events as metaphors and lessons -- Narratives as collective memories -- Selectivity -- Fears and threats to identity -- In-group conformity and externalization of responsibility -- Multiple within-group narratives -- Evolution of narratives -- Enactment of narratives -- Ethnocentrism and moral superiority claims -- Narratives as reflectors, exacerbaters or inhibiters, and causes of conflict -- Narratives and peacemaking -- Competing narratives in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict -- Israel-Palestine: an illustration -- The Israeli-Jewish narrative -- The Palestinian narrative -- Conclusion: competing narratives -- 3 Narratives and performance: ritual enactment and psychocultural dramas in ethnic conflict -- Introduction -- Cultural expressions as performance -- Ritual -- Cultural performances: festivals and pilgrimages -- Festivals -- Pilgrimage -- Ayodhya -- Psychocultural dramas -- Ritual acknowledgment and reconciliation -- Conclusion -- 4 Loyalist parades in Northern Ireland as recurring psychocultural dramas -- Introduction.

Competing narratives in Northern Ireland -- Background to the conflict -- Catholic narrative -- Protestant narrative -- Divergent narratives -- Parades disputes as psychocultural dramas -- Portadown: ritual stalemate -- Derry/Londonderry: ritual redefinition -- Conclusion -- 5 Where is Barcelona? Imagining the nation without a state -- Introduction -- Language, conflict escalation, and containment -- Language and Québec nationalism -- "Language normalization" and identity in Catalonia -- Catalan distinctiveness and the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games: a psychocultural drama over symbolic displays -- Conclusion -- 6 Digging up the past to contest the present: politics and archeology in Jerusalem's Old City -- Introduction -- Identity and sacred sites -- Archeology, claim-making, and mutual denial -- Muslim-Jewish conflict over Jerusalem's holy sites -- Exclusive claims and mutual denial -- Conclusion: psychocultural dramas and holy sites -- 7 Dressed to express: Islamic headscarves in French schools -- Introduction -- Nation states, national narratives, and minorities -- National minorities versus immigrant minorities -- Le Foulard, everyday forms of resistance and identity -- L'affaire du foulard: 1989 -- Take 2: 1990s -- Renewed intensity: 2001-04 -- Conclusion: competing images of French identity -- 8 The politics of memory and memorialization in post-apartheid South Africa -- Heritage sites and the South African transition -- The vision of the new South Africa -- Symbolizing the vision -- Transformation of older symbolic spaces -- Appropriation -- Modification -- The Afrikaner historical narrative and the Voortrekker Monument -- Conclusion -- 9 Enlarging South Africa's symbolic landscape -- Strategies for linking memory and politics -- South Africa's redefined and new symbolic spaces -- Blood River/Ncome -- Robben Island -- District Six Museum.

Conclusion -- 10 Flags, heroes, and statues: inclusive versus exclusive identity markers in the American South -- Flags and emblems as sources of division and conflict -- Confederate battle flag controversies -- South Carolina -- Georgia -- Toward greater inclusivity -- Monuments: Lincoln in Richmond -- Arthur Ashe statue -- The Lee mural controversy -- Bridge renaming -- Lincoln's second visit to Richmond -- Conclusion: moving toward inclusivity -- 11 Culture's central role in ethnic conflict -- Introduction -- Reiteration of the main argument -- The challenge of inclusiveness in ethnic conflict management -- The paradox of inclusiveness -- Using inclusiveness to facilitate and express reconciliation -- Language -- Holidays and ceremonies -- Symbolic landscape -- Conclusion: leveraging cultural enactments and expressions -- References -- Index.