Cover image for Current Topics In Bone Biology.
Current Topics In Bone Biology.
Title:
Current Topics In Bone Biology.
Author:
Deng, Hong-wen.
ISBN:
9789812701176
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (540 pages)
Contents:
CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL CHINESE HARD TISSUE SOCIETY THE POWER THAT CONNECTS THE WORLD OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE -- 1. Sun Valley, Idaho - the birthplace of ICHTS -- 2. The Consummate Union of the Chinese Philosophy and Western Logics -- 3. A Cultivator of Technical and Career Growth -- 4. A Model of Alliance and Collaboration for Enhanced Scientific Exchanges -- 5. Sponsorship and Friendships -- 6. An Exciting Journey and a Bright future -- CHAPTER 2 INTEGRATED BONE TISSUE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Skeletal Anatomy -- 2.1. Axial and appendicular bones -- 2.2. Woven and lamellar bone -- 2.3. Cortical and Cancellous Bones -- 2.4. Bone Surfaces -- 2.5. Composition of Bone -- 3. Skeletal Histology -- 3.1. Bone cellularity -- 3.2. Bone structural unit -- 4. Osteogenesis -- 4.1. Intramembranous ossification -- 4.2. Endochondral ossification -- 5. Skeletal Biological Mechanisms -- 5.1. Bone growth -- 6. Lifetime Skeletal Changes -- 6.1. Fetal skeleton -- 6.2. Growing skeleton -- 6.3. Adult and aging skeleton -- 7. Skeletal Adaptation to Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Stimuli -- 7.1. The mechanostat hypothesis -- 7.2. The mechanothreshold mechanism -- 7.3. The mechanosensor mechanism -- 7.4. The mechanoresponding mechanism -- 7.5. The mechanofeedback loop mechanism -- 7.6. Utah Paradigm for bone physiology -- Dedication -- References -- CHAPTER 3 SKELETAL STEM CELLS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MSC Differentiation in the Osteoblast Lineage -- 2.1. Markers of osteoblast -- 2.2. Culture condition to maximise OB lineage differentiation -- 3. Established and Potential Sources of MSCs -- 3.1. Bone marrow -- 3.2. Adipose tissue -- 3.3. Periosteum -- 3.4. Skeletal muscle -- 3.5. Adult peripheral blood -- 3.6. Umbilical cord blood -- 3.7. Other sources -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 4 OSTEOCLAST BIOLOGY.

1. Introduction -- 2. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Osteoclasts -- 2.1. Physiological role of osteoclasts in bone development and maintenance -- 2.2. Pathological role of osteoclasts in various disorders -- 3. Osteoclast Morphology -- 4. Osteoclast Differentiation -- 4.1. Hematopoietic origin of osteoclasts -- 4.2. Stages of osteoclast differentiation -- 4.3. Attachment of osteocalst precursors and osteoclasts on bone matrix -- 4.4. Osteoclast fusion and multinucleation -- 4.5. Formation of Ruffled border membrane -- 4.6. Regulation of osteoclast formation -- 4.7. In vitro generation of osteoclasts -- 5. Mechanism of Osteoclast Bone Resorption -- 5.1. Overview -- 5.2. Formation of a functional resorption compartment -- 5.2. Degradation of inorganic components of bone matrix -- 5.4. Degradation of organic components of bone matrix -- 5.5. Removal of degraded products -- 6. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- CHAPTER 5 INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION OF OSTEOBLAST AND OSTEOCLAST IN BONE DISEASES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intercellular Communication Between Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts -- 2.1. Osteoblasts regulate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts -- 2.2. Can osteoclasts control the differentiation and function of osteoblasts? -- 3. The Role of the Osteoclast-Osteoblast Interaction in Bone Diseases -- 3.1. Giant cell tumour of bone and other osteolytic bone tumors -- 3.2. Osteoporosis -- 3.3. Osteopetrosis -- 3.4. Osteogenesis imperfecta -- 3.5. Periodontitis -- 3.6. Osteoarthritis -- 3.7. Aseptic loosening -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 6 OSTEOCLASTS AND INFLAMMATORY OSTEOLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inflammatory Osteolysis -- 2.1. TNF -- 2.2. IL-1 -- 3. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -- 4. Loosening of Orthopedic Implant -- 5. Periodontal Disease -- 6. Conclusion -- References.

CHAPTER 7 ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Endochondral Bone Formation -- 3. Intrinsic Regulators -- 3.1. Transcriptional factors -- 3.2. MAP kinases -- 4. Extrinsic Regulators -- 4.1. Peri-articular layer -- 4.2. Subchondral bone marrow -- 4.3. Skeletal muscle -- 5. Extracellular Matrix in Cartilage -- 6. Matrilins: A Novel Family of Extracellular Matrix Proteins -- 6.1. Expression -- 6.2. Assembly -- 6.3. Degradation -- 6.4. Disease -- 6.5. Function -- 7. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 8 BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS IN BONE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT -- 1. The History and Classification of BMPs -- 2. Roles of BMPs in Bone Development and Formation -- 2.1. Ectopic bone formation and BMPs -- 2.2. BMPs and the embryonic skeleton -- 2.3. BMPs in bone remodelling -- 3. Therapeutic Applications of BMPs -- 3.1. Matrices and carriers for BMPs -- 3.2. Orthopaedic applications -- 3.3. Dental applications -- 3.4. Gene therapy -- 3.5. Other uses of BMPs -- 4. Potential Risks of using BMPs -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 9 MECHANICAL TESTING FOR BONE SPECIMENS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Biomechanical Concepts4-9 -- 2.1. Force and deformation -- 2.2. Stress and strain -- 2.3. Definitions of material properties -- 3. Bone Sample Storage and Preparation -- 3.1. Storage -- 3.2. Bone specimen preparation for testing -- 4. Bone Biomechanical Testing Methods -- 4.1. Axial loading test -- 4.2. Bending test (flexural loading) -- 4.3. Torsional testing -- 4.4. Pure shear test -- 4.5. Fatigue test -- 4.6. Impact test -- 4.7. Indentation test -- 4.8. Pullout test -- 5. Non-destructive Approaches -- 5.1. Ultrasonic test -- 5.2. High-resolution contact microradiography (CMR) -- 5.3. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) -- 5.4. Back scatter Scanning Electron Microscopy (bSEM).

5.5. Bone densitometry and microCT -- 6. Testing and Evaluation Facilities -- 7. Computational Modelling -- 8. Considerations for Bone Testing and Result Interpretations -- 8.1. Subject dependent -- 8.2. Site dependent (inhomogeneity) -- 8.3. Direction dependent (anisotropy) -- 8.4. Rate dependent -- 8.5. Nonlinearity -- 8.6. Hysterisis -- 8.7. Preconditioning -- 8.8. Irregular geometry -- 8.9. Gripping and load application effect -- 8.10. Test environment -- 9. Data Evaluations -- 10. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 10 ESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS ON BONE METABOLISM -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of Estrogen on Bone -- 3.1. Effects of ovariectomy on cortical bone -- 3.2. Effect of ovariectomy in cancellous bone -- 4. Effects of Androgens on Bone -- 5.1. Effects of orchidectomy on cortical bone -- 5.2. Effects of orchidectomy on cancellous bone -- 6. Estrogen Receptors -- 7. Androgen Receptors -- 8. Expression on ER and AR in Bone Tissue -- 9. Nongenotropic Action of Sex Steroids -- 10. Effects of Sex Steroids on Osteoblastogenesis -- 11. Effects of Sex Steroids on Cytokines and Growth Factors -- 12. Effect of Sex Steroids on Bone Growth and Maturation -- 13. Effect of Sex Steroids in Skeletal Maintenance in Adulthood -- 14. Relative Role of Steroid Receptors in Bone Metabolism -- 15. Indirect Actions of Sex Steroids on Bone Metabolism -- 16. Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 11 PHYTOESTROGENS AND BONE HEALTH: MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background of Phytoestrogens -- 3. Effects of Phytoestrogens on Bone Cells in vitro -- 4. Effects of Isoflavones on Bone in vivo -- 5. Mechanisms of Action -- References -- CHAPTER 12 REGULATION OF BONE REMODELING -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bone Remodeling -- 2.1. Bone remodeling at different parts of the skeleton -- 2.2. Cortical bone remodeling -- 2.3. Trabecular bone remodeling.

2.4. Bone coupling -- 3. Regulation of Bone Resorption -- 3.1. Systemic hormones -- 3.2. Local factors -- 4. Regulation of Bone Formation -- 4.1. Systemic hormones -- References -- CHAPTER 13 TGFB IN CHONDROCYTE BIOLOGY AND CARTILAGE PATHOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Regulation of TGF Signaling -- 3. Smad-Dependent and Independent Pathways -- 4. TGF and Other Signaling Cascades -- 5. Endochondral Bone Formation -- 6. Expression of TGF and Related Molecules in Chondrocytes -- 7. Effects of TGF on Chondrocyte Function -- 8. TGF and Osteoarthritis (OA) -- 9. TGF and Runx2 -- 10. TGF and Wnt Signaling -- References -- CHAPTER 14 BONE HEALTH IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Growth and Development -- 3. Hormonal Status -- 4. Tracking of Bone Mass -- 5. Genetics -- 6. Gender Differences -- 7. Ethnicity/Race -- 8. Fractures during Childhood -- 9. Maximizing Peak Bone Mass -- 9.1. Nutrition and peak bone mass -- 9.2. Physical activity -- 10. Measurement of Bone Mass in Children -- 11. Factors Interfering with Bone Mass Accrual -- 11.1. Smoking -- 11.2. Contraceptives -- 11.3. The Female Triad -- 12. Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 15 THE MECHANOSTAT HYPOTHESIS FOR BONES AND OTHER SKELETAL ORGANS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bone's Mechanostat: A Summary -- 3. Extraosseous Mechanostats -- 4. Comments -- 4.1. On mechanostat roles in skeletal physiology -- 4.2. On permissive roles -- 4.3. On defining the health of load-bearing skeletal organs -- 4.4. Implications -- 4.5. Note A -- References -- CHAPTER 16 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN BONE ADAPTATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tissue and Cellular Mechanotransduction -- 2.1. Mechanical loading induced adaptation -- 2.2. The role of dynamic and temporal mechanical signals -- 2.3. Mechanotransduction and interstitial fluid flow -- 2.4. Cellular mechanotransduction and fluid flow.

2.5. Fluid convection enhanced metabolic exchange.
Abstract:
This book covers a wide spectrum of areas related to basic bone research. While bone remodeling, bone development, and osteoclast biology constitute the main contents, topics important to the understanding of bone metabolism and treatment of bone-related diseases are also intensively reviewed. Three chapters are dedicated to the classic topic of bone mechanics, which include a brief overview of the mechanostat hypothesis, a more detailed review on mechanotransduction and bone adaptation, and a chapter illustrating the basic principles of bone mechanical testing. New emerging fields such as skeletal stem cells, bone tissue engineering, phytoestrogens applications, and bone genetics study using mouse models, are also covered in detail. The book closes with a special chapter dedicated to state-of-the-art advances in bone biology research.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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