Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Femtosecond Beam Generation -- 2.1 Theory and Operation of Femtosecond Terawatt Lasers -- 2.1.1 Ultrashort pulses: theory and generation -- 2.1.1.1 Principle of mode locking for short pulse generation -- 2.1.1.2 Mode-locking techniques -- 2.1.2 Stretching and compressing laser pulses -- 2.1.2.1 Chirped pulse amplification principle -- 2.1.2.2 Stretcher/compressor operation -- 2.1.2.3 The Offner triplet configuration -- 2.1.2.4 Compressor subsystem -- 2.1.3 Amplification process -- 2.1.3.1 Regenerative amplification -- 2.1.3.2 Multipass amplification -- 2.1.3.3 20-TW laser system -- 2.2 Linear Accelerator -- 2.2.1 Photoinjectors -- 2.2.1.1 RF cavity and laser -- 2.2.1.2 Cathode and quantum efficiency -- 2.2.1.3 Emittance control -- 2.2.2 Magnetic bunch compression -- 2.2.2.1 Analogy with chirped pulse amplification (CPA) for femtosecond lasers -- 2.2.2.2 Theory -- 2.2.2.3 Experiment -- 2.2.2.4 Other subjects -- 2.2.2.5 Effect of CSR force -- 2.2.3 Velocity bunching -- 2.2.3.1 Theory -- 2.2.3.2 Application to the SPARC project -- 2.2.3.3 Experiments -- 2.2.4 Microbunching -- 2.2.4.1 Staged electron laser acceleration (STELLA) -- 2.2.4.2 Future potential issues -- 2.3 Synchrotron -- 2.3.1 Synchrotron -- 2.3.1.1 Bunch length in synchrotron and storage ring -- 2.3.1.2 Small p and intrinsic problems -- 2.3.1.3 Intrinsic bunch length in an electron storage ring -- 2.3.1.4 Microwave instability -- 2.3.2 Femtosecond e-beams in storage rings -- 2.3.2.1 Strong longitudinal focusing -- 2.3.2.2 Coherent synchrotron radiation and stability criteria -- 2.3.2.3 Selected results of computer simulations -- 2.3.2.4 Proposed applications of femtosecond elec- tron bunches in storage rings -- 2.4 Laser Plasma Acceleration -- 2.4.1 Electron -- 2.4.1.1 Laser plasma wake field acceleration.

2.4.1.2 Laser injected laser accelerator concept (LILAC) -- 2.4.1.3 Plasma cathode: colliding pulse optical injection -- 2.4.1.4 Electron injection due to Langmuir wave breaking -- 2.4.1.5 Plasma cathode by self-injection -- 2.4.2 Ion -- 2.4.2.1 Mechanism -- 2.4.2.2 Low intensity laser case -- 2.4.2.3 Moderate intensity laser case -- 2.4.2.4 Ultra-intense laser case -- 2.4.2.5 Ion acceleration in a solitary wave -- 2.4.3 X-ray -- 2.4.3.1 Mechanism of laser plasma short X-ray generation -- 2.4.3.2 Measurement -- 2.4.3.3 Numerical analysis to enhance intensity -- 2.4.3.4 Nonlinear Thomson scattering -- 2.4.4 Terahertz (THz) radiation -- 2.4.4.1 Magnetic field enhancement scheme -- 2.4.4.2 Terawatt laser excitation scheme -- 2.4.5 Neutron -- 2.4.5.1 Cluster science -- 2.4.5.2 Characteristics of laser-cluster interaction -- 2.4.5.3 Neutron generation -- 2.4.5.4 Numerical simulation -- 2.4.5.5 High efficiency neutron source -- 2.4.6 Positron -- 2.4.6.1 Processes of positron production using lasers -- 2.4.6.2 Laser-solid interaction -- 2.4.6.3 Laser-gas-jet interaction -- 2.4.6.4 Radioactive isotopes -- 2.5 Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray Generation -- 2.5.1 Laser synchrotron source and its applications -- 2.5.1.1 Laser synchrotron source -- 2.5.1.2 Fundamental aspects of laser synchrotron source -- 2.5.1.3 Application of LSS: Polarized photon and positron production -- 2.5.2 Intra-cavity Thomson scattering -- 2.5.2.1 Thomson scattering in the Jefferson Lab infrared FEL -- 2.5.2.2 Measurements of intra-cavity Thomson X-ray -- 2.5.2.3 FEL upgrade Thomson X-ray possibilities -- 2.5.2.4 Conclusions and future program -- Acknowledgments -- 2.6 Beam Slicing by Femtosecond Laser -- 2.7 Free Electron Lasers -- 2.7.1 Femtosecond infrared free electron laser -- 2.7.2 Femtosecond X-ray free electron laser -- 2.8 Energy Recovery Linac -- Bibliography.

3. Diagnosis and Synchronization -- 3.1 Pulse Shape Diagnostics -- 3.1.1 Streak camera -- 3.1.1.1 Principle of the streak camera -- 3.1.1.2 Consistent characteristic impedance matched deflection circuit -- 3.1.1.3 Measurement example -- 3.1.2 Coherent radiation interferometer -- 3.1.2.1 Technique -- 3.1.2.2 Michelson interferometer -- 3.1.2.3 Bunch length measurements with coherent diffraction radiation -- 3.1.2.4 Pulse shape reconstruction procedure -- 3.1.3 Far infrared polychromator -- 3.1.3.1 Single-shot measurement -- 3.1.3.2 10-channel polychromator -- 3.1.3.3 Bunch length measurement -- 3.1.4 Fluctuation -- 3.1.4.1 Theory -- 3.1.4.2 Discussion -- 3.1.4.3 Experiment -- Acknowledgment -- 3.1.4.4 Fluctuation in time domain -- 3.1.5 Overall comparison -- 3.1.5.1 Theoretical discussion -- 3.1.5.2 Experimental discussion -- 3.1.6 New trends -- 3.1.6.1 Electro-optical method -- 3.1.6.2 T-cavity method -- 3.1.7 Low jitter X-ray streak camera -- 3.2 Synchronization -- 3.2.1 Laser vs. linac -- 3.2.1.1 S-band linacs (thermionic and RF gun vs. active-mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser) -- 3.2.1.2 Upgraded timing system -- 3.2.1.3 Timing jitter source in laser oscillators -- 3.2.1.4 Timing jitter source in a linac -- 3.2.1.5 Overall evaluation -- 3.2.2 Laser vs. synchrotron -- 3.2.2.1 Synchronization scheme and timing monitor -- 3.2.2.2 Performance of the synchronization at Spring-8 -- 3.2.2.3 Synchronous mechanical chopper -- 3.2.2.4 Time-resolved measurements using an X-ray streak camera -- 3.2.2.5 Prospects for femtosecond timing control -- Bibliography -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Radiation Chemistry -- 4.1.1 Subpicosecond pulse radiolysis -- 4.1.1.1 History of picosecond and subpicosecond pulse radiolysis -- 4.1.1.2 Time resolution of pulse radiolysis -- 4.1.1.3 Subpicosecond pulse radiolysis system.

4.1.1.4 Jitter compensation system for highly time-resolved measurements -- 4.1.1.5 Early processes of radiation chemistry -- 4.1.1.6 Application to materials for nanotechnology -- 4.1.2 Radiolysis by RF gun -- 4.1.2.1 Supercritical xenon chemistry -- 4.1.2.2 Ultrafast water chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- 4.1.3 Supercritical water -- 4.1.3.1 Supercritical water and its importance -- 4.1.3.2 Pulse radiolysis experimental setup for supercritical water -- 4.1.3.3 Examples of pulse radiolysis studies on supercritical water -- 4.1.3.4 Future subjects -- Acknowledgments -- 4.2 Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction -- 4.2.1 Phonon dynamics in semiconductors -- 4.2.1.1 Ultrafast microscopic dynamics -- 4.2.1.2 Strain wave in crystals -- 4.2.1.3 Experiments -- 4.2.2 Shock wave propagation in semiconductors -- 4.2.2.1 Shock compression science -- 4.2.2.2 X-ray diffraction of shocked solids -- 4.2.2.3 Laser shock -- 4.2.2.4 Laser plasma hard X-ray pulses -- 4.2.2.5 Ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction of shock compressed silicon -- 4.2.2.6 Summary -- 4.2.3 Fast X-ray shutter using laser-induced lattice expansion at SR source -- 4.2.3.1 Optical switching of X-rays using transient expansion of crystal lattice -- 4.2.3.2 X-ray shutter using optical switch -- 4.3 Protein Dynamics -- 4.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulation -- 4.4.1 Ultrafast phenomena and numerical modeling -- 4.4.2 Molecular dynamics simulation including light interactions -- 4.4.3 Quantum molecular dynamics simulation including light interactions -- Bibliography -- Index.