CONTENTS -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1 Gas Properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Perfect and Real Gases -- 1.3 Intermolecular Forces -- 1.4 Gas Internal Energy -- 1.5 Distribution of the Molecules on the Available Energy States -- 1.6 The Internal Energy of Polyatomic Molecules -- 1.7 The Specific Heats and their Ratio -- 1.8 The Molecular Velocity Distribution. Averaged Values -- 1.9 The Mean Free Path and the Transport Coefficients -- 1.10 Classical Dynamics of Binary Collisions -- 1.11 The Collision Integrals -- 1.12 Effusive Sources -- 1.13 Different Regimes of a Gas in Thermal Equilibrium -- 1.14 On the Possibility of a Macroscopic Description of the Gas Behaviour -- 1.14.1 Gas in equilibrium -- 1.14.2 Gas in non-equilibrium -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 2 The Non-Equilibrium Equations and the Relaxation of the Internal Degrees of Freedom -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Boltzmann Transport Equation -- 2.3 The Wang Chang-Uhlembeck and the Master Equations -- 2.4 Energy Transfer During Collisions -- 2.5 The Vibrational Energy Relaxation -- 2.6 The Rotational Energy Relaxation -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 3 The Fundamental Equations of Gas Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Notes on the Fluid Motion -- 3.3 Kinematics of a Fluid Element -- 3.4 The Forces Acting on Fluids -- 3.5 More on the Forces on a Fluid Element -- 3.6 The Stress-Strain Relationship for a Viscous Fluid -- 3.7 The Navier-Stokes Equations -- 3.8 The Reynolds Number -- 3.9 The Fundamental Equations of Fluid Dynamics -- 3.10 The Bernoulli Theorem for Compressible Fluids -- 3.11 The Propagation of Small Disturbances through a Compressible Fluid -- 3.12 The Gas Dynamic Equation -- 3.13 The Boundary Layer -- 3.14 The Crocco Theorem -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 4 Isoentropic Flow. Characteristic Lines -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Isoentropic and Stationary Flow of a Perfect Gas -- 4.3 Temperature and Stagnation Pressure -- 4.4 The Flux Density -- 4.5 Propagation of Small Disturbances in a Gas in Equilibrium. Characteristic Lines -- 4.6 The Propagation of Finite Amplitude Disturbances. Characteristic Lines -- 4.7 Compression and Rarefaction Waves -- 4.8 Generation of Compression and Rarefaction Waves in a Gas Inside a Tube -- 4.9 Evolution of the Distribution of the Finite Disturbances -- 4.9.1 Compression waves -- 4.9.2 Rarefaction waves -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 5 The Method of Characteristics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Differential Equations of the Characteristics -- 5.3 Applications -- 5.4 Alternative Form of the Compatibility Equations -- 5.5 Properties of the Characteristic Lines. Weak Discontinuities -- 5.6 The Equations of the Planar Isoentropic Flow in the Hodograph Plane -- 5.7 Weakly Perturbed Two-Dimensional Flow. Mach Lines -- 5.8 The Flow Near a Curved Wall -- 5.8.1 Flow near a concave wall -- 5.8.2 Flow near a convex wall -- 5.9 Reflection of Rarefaction and Compression Waves -- 5.9.1 Reflection from a frictionless rigid wall -- 5.9.2 Reflection from a constant pressure free boundary -- 5.10 Intersection of Rarefaction and Compression Waves -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 6 The Shock Waves -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Discontinuities in the Flow Fields -- 6.3 Normal Shock. Shock Adiabatic -- 6.4 Application to a Perfect Gas -- 6.5 The Flow Variables Downstream of the Shock as Functions of the Upstream Mach Number -- 6.6 The Oblique Shock -- 6.7 The Relationship Between the Deflection and Shock Angles -- 6.8 The Detached Shock -- 6.9 Shock Polars -- 6.9.1 Hodograph shock polar -- 6.9.2 Pressure-deflection shock polar -- 6.10 Shock Reflection -- 6.10.1 Regular shock reflection from a planar rigid wall.

6.10.2 Mach reflection (M.R.) of an oblique shock -- 6.10.3 Reflection of the shock from the free boundary between a moving and stagnating gas -- 6.11 Shock Interactions -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 7 The Flow in Nozzles and Jets -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stationary and Isoentropic Flow in Variable Section Ducts -- 7.3 Expressions of the Nozzle Flow Rate -- 7.4 Effects of the Discharge Pressure Reduction -- 7.5 Flow Regimes of a de Laval Nozzle. The Emitted Jet -- 7.6 Flow Regimes of a Converging Nozzle. The Emitted Jet -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 8 The Supersonic Free Jet -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Axisymmetric Under-expanded Jet Emitted from Converging Nozzle -- 8.3 The Jet Dimensions -- 8.4 Variations of the Variables in the Continuous Regime -- 8.5 Non-Equilibrium Cooling of a Monatomic Gas -- 8.6 Non-Equilibrium Cooling of a Polyatomic Gas -- 8.7 The Sudden Freeze Approximation -- 8.8 Influence of the Relaxation of an Internal Degree of Freedom on the Flow Variables -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 9 Application of the Boltzmann Equation to a Jet of Monatomic Gas -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fundamental Hypotheses and the Method of Moments -- 9.3 Calculation of the Collisional Term -- 9.4 The Moment Equations in Reduced Forms -- 9.5 Some Considerations about the Obtained Equations -- 9.6 Calculation of the Parallel Speed Ratio -- 9.7 Comparison with the Experimental Data -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 10 Characterisation of a Particle Source and Extraction of the Molecular Beam -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Characterisation of a Particle Source -- 10.3 The Virtual Source and the Non-Maxwellian Distribution of v1 -- 10.4 Extraction of a Molecular Beam by a Skimmer -- References -- CHAPTER 11 The Condensation in a Supersonic Free Jet -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Gas Expansion in the p-T Phase Diagram.

11.3 The Dimers Formation Mechanism -- 11.4 The Dimers Formation Rate -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Some Different Topics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Energetic Balance in a Free Supersonic Jet -- 12.2.1 Pure monatomic gas -- 12.2.2 Pure biatomic gas -- 12.2.3 Pure polyatomic gas -- 12.2.4 Mixture of two monatomic gases -- 12.2.5 Mixture of a monatomic gas (carrier) with a biatomic gas (sample) -- 12.3 Binary Mixture -- 12.3.1 Mixture in equilibrium -- 12.3.2 Free jet of a binary mixture -- 12.4 Expressions of the Molecular Beam Intensity -- References -- Appendix A.1 Different Forms of Eq. (1.2.2) -- Appendix A.2 Intermolecular Potential Energy -- Appendix A.3 Molecular Energy Levels -- Appendix B.1 Deduction of Eqs. (2.5.8 -- 9 -- 10) -- Appendix C.1 Deduction of Eqs. (3.9.10 -- 13) -- Appendix C.2 Alternative Deduction of the Bernoulli Equation -- Appendix D.1 Use of the Prandtl-Meyer Function in the Method of Characteristics -- Appendix D.2 Planar Flow Classification -- Appendix D.3 Characteristic Lines and Weak Discontinuities -- Appendix E.1 Spherical Symmetry Source -- Appendix E.2 A New Determination of the Flow Field -- Appendix E.3 Deduction of Eqs. (8.5.1 -- 2) -- Appendix F.1 Deduction of Eqs. (9.2.9 -- 10 -- 11 -- 12) -- Appendix F.2 Deduction of Eqs. (9.3.5 -- 6) -- Appendix F.3 Deduction of Eq. (9.3.14) -- Appendix G.1 Calculation of the Integral /1 and /2 in Eqs. (12.4.7 -- 14) -- Index.