CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Preface -- I. GENERAL ASPECTS OF SLEEP -- 1. Energy Processes Underlying the Sleep-Wake Cycle Raymond Cespuglio1, Damien Colas, and Sabine Gautier-Sauvigne -- Phylogenetic Considerations -- Brain Metabolism throughout the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Homeotherms -- Pathways for energy production -- Glycolysis -- (Siesjo, 1978 -- Magistretti et al., 1994, 1999 -- Magistretti and Pellerin, 1997, 1999 -- Pellerin and Magistretti, 2004). -- Oxidative phosphorylation -- Variations in energy metabolites related to sleep-wake states -- Waking state -- Slow-wave sleep -- REM sleep -- Energy storage -- Glycogen -- Glycogen metabolism and sleep-wake states -- Integrated regulatory processes -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- Summary -- References -- 2. Humoral Mechanisms of Sleep Ferenc Obal Jr. and James M. Krueger -- NREMS Regulatory Substances -- Growth hormone releasing hormone -- Cytokines -- Adenosine -- Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) -- REMS Regulatory Substances -- Vasoactive intestinal peptide -- Prolactin (PRL) -- Sleep Factor Candidates -- Oleamide -- Cholecystokinin -- Insulin -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3. Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Sleep Ritchie E. Brown and Robert W. McCarley -- Glutamate -- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid -- Glycine -- Acetylcholine -- Noradrenaline -- Histamine -- Serotonin -- Dopamine -- Orexins/Hypocretins -- Adenosine -- Miscellaneous Neuromodulators -- Summary -- References -- 4. A Possible Role for Sleep in Synaptic Homeostasis Giulio Tononi and Chiara Cirelli -- Synaptic Homeostasis: A Schematic Diagram -- Wakefulness and Synaptic Potentiation -- Synaptic Potentiation and Slow-Wave Homeostasis -- Slow-Wave Homeostasis and Synaptic Downscaling -- The Functional Advantages of Synaptic Downscaling during Sleep -- REM Sleep -- Acknowledgment -- References.

5. Electroencephalography, Polysomnography, and Other Sleep Recording Systems Rosa Peraita-Adrados -- Classic EEG -- Electrodes and derivations -- Brain rhythms -- Sleep stages -- Polysomnography -- Electroencephalography -- Electrooculography -- Muscle Tone -- Sleep Stages -- Wakefulness -- Stage 1 -- Stage 2 -- Stage 3 -- Stage 4 -- REM stage (paradoxical sleep) -- Movement time -- Sleep cycle and percentage of sleep stages -- Sleep states in infants -- Indications for PSG in Infants -- Cardiac and Respiratory Variables -- Electrocardiography -- Respiratory Signals -- Airflow -- Respiratory effort -- Blood oxygenation -- Body or Limb Movements -- Optional Variables -- Oesophageal pH -- Temperature -- Nocturnal penile tumescence -- Other Sleep Recording Systems -- Actigraphy -- Holter-EEG and ambulatory monitoring systems -- PSG versus sleep simplified systems -- References -- 6. Brain Imaging on Passing to Sleep Pierre A.A. Maquet, Virginie Sterpenich, Genevieve Albouy, Thahn Dang-Vu, Martin Desseilles, Melanie Boly, Perrine Ruby, Steven Laureys, and Philippe Peigneux -- Regional Brain Activity during Human Sleep -- NREM sleep (slow-wave sleep) -- REM sleep (paradoxical sleep) -- Experience-Dependent Changes in Functional Connectivity during Post-Training Sleep -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Hypothalamic Mechanisms of Sleep: Perspective from Neuronal Unit Recording Studies Dennis McGinty, Noor Alam, Natalia Suntsova, Ruben Guzman-Marin, Melvi Methippara, Hui Gong, and Ron Szymusiak -- The Preoptic Area of the Hypothalamus -- Sleep-Active Neurons -- Arousal Systems -- Anatomical Connections between POA and Arousal Systems -- Reciprocal Changes in Discharge of Sleep-Active and Arousal Systems -- POA Thermoregulatory Control of Arousal.

Measuring Neuronal Unit Responses to Neurochemical Processes: Combined Unit Recording and Microdialysis -- Insights Derived from Neuronal Unit Studies -- Comparing Neuronal Unit Recording and Immunostaining Methods -- Limitations of Neuronal Unit Recording Methods -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. A Physiological View of REM Sleep Structure Roberto Amici, Christine A. Jones, Emanuele Perez, and Giovanni Zamboni -- REM Sleep within the Wake-Sleep Cycle -- A Dichotomy between Intervals Separating Consecutive REM Sleep Episodes -- Short versus Long REM Sleep Intervals: Time Course of EEG Power Density, Hypothalamic Temperature and Motor Activity during the Pre-REM Sleep Period -- Short versus Long REM Sleep Intervals: Regulatory Aspects within Short-Term REM Sleep Regulation -- Short versus Long REM Sleep Intervals: A Biological Basis for the Classi.cation of REM Sleep Episodes as "Single" or "Sequential" -- The Biological Relevance of Single and Sequential REM Sleep Episodes within Long-Term REM Sleep Regulation -- Changes in Hypothalamic Levels of the Second Messenger 3',5' -Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate under Different Ambient Challenges are Related to the Amount of Sequential REM Sleep -- The Structure of REM Sleep as a Regulatory Behavioural Mechanism -- References -- 9. The Power of Behavioral Analysis in Understanding Sleep Mechanisms Adrian R. Morrison -- Continuing Contributions of Behavioral Studies -- Contributions of REM without Atonia -- Solving the Mystery of PGO Waves -- A Role for the Amygdala -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. Animal Sleep: Phylogenetic Correlations Susana Esteban, Maria C. Nicolau, Antoni Gamundi, Mourad Akaarir, and Ruben V. Rial -- Sleep as Behaviour -- The Sleep of Mammals -- Evolution -- Comparative Phenomenology of Sleep -- Do all vertebrates sleep?.

The Sleep and Wakefulness of Poikilotherm Vertebrates -- Behavioural sleep -- REM sleep (paradoxical sleep) -- NREM sleep -- The Sleep and Wakefulness of Birds -- Phylogenetic Aspects of Sleep in Mammals -- The Evolution of Wakefulness -- Ontogeny and Phylogeny -- The Ontogeny of Sleep -- Premature infants -- Full-term neonates -- Wakefulness -- Active sleep -- Quiet sleep -- Sleep in Young Mammals -- Summary -- Final Conclusions -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Further Consequences -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11. Remarks on Sensory Neurophysiological Mechanisms Participating in Active Sleep Processes Ricardo A. Velluti -- A Brief History of Sleep Active Processes -- The Sensory Activity Interacting with Sleep Neurophysiology -- Neuronal Network/Cell Assembly -- The Quasi-Total Sensory Deafferentation -- The Auditory System during Sleep -- Auditory single cell recordings -- Hippocampal theta rhythm -- Noise and human sleep -- Absence of auditory input -- Analysing human auditory responses -- Conclusions and Final Proposal -- Sleep and sensory input in general -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12. The Problem of Causal Determination of Sleep Behaviour Pier Luigi Parmeggiani -- Theoretical Considerations -- Practical Considerations -- Proximate versus intermediate determination -- Intermediate versus remote determination -- Remote determination -- Conclusion -- References -- II. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN SLEEP -- 13. Control of Muscle Tone Across the Sleep-Wake Cycle Jerome M. Siegel -- Non-REM Sleep Pathologies -- Evidence for brain damage in obstructive sleep apnea -- Overview of pathological conditions -- REM Sleep Pathologies -- Regulation of muscle tone in REM sleep -- Evidence for glycinergic involvement in the atonia of REM sleep -- The role of GABA in motoneuron inhibition during sleep.

Evidence for serotonin involvement in the atonia of REM sleep -- Role of norepinephrine in motoneuron facilitation -- Sleep-related activity of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons -- Role of glutamate in motoneuron facilitation during sleep -- Studies of transmitter release in decerebrate animals -- Amino acids -- Monoamines -- Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 14. Neural Control of Breathing in Sleep John M. Orem -- Neural Control of Respiration in Nonrapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep -- Reticular formation -- Behavioral control -- Aminergic systems -- Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons -- Conclusion -- Neural Control of Breathing in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep -- Increased respiratory neuronal activity in REM sleep:Endogenous excitatory drive -- The atonia of REM sleep -- Neural control of breathing in REM sleep and the patient with lung disease -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15. Reflex Cardiovascular Control in Sleep Alessandro Silvani and Pierluigi Lenzi -- Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms -- Heterogeneity of the Wake-Sleep States -- Technical Issues -- Baroreceptor Reflexes -- Baroreflex control of the vasculature -- Baroreflex control of the heart -- Theoretical issue -- Chemoreceptor Reflexes -- Chemoreceptor location -- Effects of chemoreceptor activation -- Chemoreceptor activation and the wake-sleep states -- References -- 16. Regulation of Cerebral Circulation During Sleep Giovanna Zoccoli, Tijana Bojic, and Carlo Franzini -- Flow-Activity Coupling: Data Obtained during the Wake-Sleep Cycle -- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Sleep -- Time Course of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Sleep -- Regulation of Cerebral Circulation during the Sleep-Wake Cycle -- Chemical regulation -- Autoregulation -- Conclusions and Implications for Future Research -- Acknowledgements -- References.

17. Central Neural Mechanisms Underlying Disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Control During Sleep Ronald M. Harper, Paul M. Macey, Mary A. Woo, Christopher A. Richard, Rajesh Kumar, and Luke A. Henderson.