Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Table of Cases -- Table of Statutes -- Part I: ESSENTIALS OF THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM -- 1 Essentials of the legal system -- 1.1 The classification of English law -- 1.2 Legal personality -- 1.3 The sources of English law -- 1.4 Statutory interpretation -- 1.5 European Community law -- 1.6 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 2 Civil dispute resolution -- 2.1 Tribunals -- 2.2 The civil courts -- 2.3 The stages of an action in the High Court -- 2.4 The stages of an action in the county court -- 2.5 Enforcement of civil judgments -- 2.6 Arbitration -- 2.7 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) -- Part II: INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS -- 3 The law of contract -- 3.1 Essentials of a contract -- 3.2 Matching offer and acceptance -- 3.3 Acceptance -- 3.4 Tenders -- 3.5 Exceptional cases -- 3.6 Consideration -- 3.7 Intention to create legal relations -- 3.8 Collateral contract/lock-out agreements -- 3.9 Vitiating elements -- 3.10 Operative mistake at common law -- 3.11 Operative mistake in equity -- 3.12 Misrepresentation -- 3.13 Duress, undue influence and unconscionable bargains -- 3.14 Public policy and illegality -- 3.15 Absence of formalities -- 3.16 Capacity to contract -- 3.17 Terms of the contract -- 3.18 Terms implied by the court -- 3.19 Terms implied by statute -- 3.20 Classification of terms as conditions and warranties -- 3.21 Exclusion or exemption clauses -- 3.22 Incomplete or inchoate agreements -- 3.23 Discharge of contracts -- 3.24 Performance -- 3.25 Discharge by agreement -- 3.26 Discharge by acceptance of breach -- 3.27 Discharge by subsequent impossibility: frustration -- 4 The law of tort -- 4.1 Importance of tortious liability -- 4.2 Establishing tortious liability -- 4.3 General defences to tort -- 4.4 Persons who can sue and be sued in tort.

4.5 More than one person liable as tortfeasor -- 4.6 Cessation of liability -- 4.7 Negligence -- 4.8 Defences to an action for negligence -- 4.9 Occupiers' liability -- 4.10 Nuisance -- 4.11 The rule in Rylands v. Fletcher -- 5 Judicial remedies for contract and tort -- 5.1 Damages -- 5.2 Consequential and incidental loss -- 5.3 Remoteness of damage in contract -- 5.4 Mitigation of loss -- 5.5 Contributory negligence -- 5.6 Non-compensatory damages -- 5.7 Compensatory damages in tort -- 5.8 Remoteness of damage in tort -- 5.9 Intervening cause -- 5.10 Mitigation -- 5.11 Contributory negligence -- 5.12 Pure economic loss -- 5.13 Non-compensatory damages in tort -- 5.14 Equitable remedies in contract -- 5.15 Restitutionary remedies -- Part III: BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS -- 6 Business organisations -- 6.1 Business organisations in the UK -- 6.2 The sole trader -- 6.3 The partnership -- 6.4 The registered company -- 6.5 Changes in company form -- 6.6 Groups of companies: holding and subsidiary companies -- 6.7 General distinctions between partnerships and companies -- 7 The law of partnerships -- 7.1 The essentials of partnership -- 7.2 The formation of a partnership -- 7.3 Illegal partnerships -- 7.4 The relationships of partners to persons dealing with them -- 7.5 The distinction between actual and usual authority of partners -- 7.6 Liability for debts and contractual obligations -- 7.7 Liability for torts and other offences -- 7.8 Holding out: the liability of the quasi-partner -- 7.9 Liability of incoming and outgoing partners -- 7.10 The relationship of partners to one another -- 7.11 Partnership property -- 7.12 The rights of partners inter se -- 7.13 Duties of partners -- 7.14 Dissolution of partnership -- 7.15 The consequences of dissolution -- 7.16 Treatment of assets on dissolution -- 7.17 Application of assets on dissolution.

7.18 Profits made after dissolution but before winding up -- 7.19 Rescission of partnership agreement -- 7.20 Dissolution of insolvent partnership -- 7.21 Limited liability partnerships in England and Wales -- 8 Registered companies -- 8.1 The constitution of a registered company -- 8.2 The articles of association -- 8.3 The legal effect of the Memorandum and Articles of Association -- 8.4 Company promoters -- 8.5 Provisional contracts by public companies -- 8.6 Ultra vires contracts and outsider protection -- 8.7 Unauthorised contracts and outsider protection -- 8.8 The company's share capital -- 8.9 The payment of dividends -- 8.10 Financial assistance for the acquisition of own shares -- 8.11 Companies taking charges over their shares -- 8.12 Shares and shareholders -- 8.13 Becoming a member of a company -- 8.14 Ceasing to be a member -- 8.15 Transfer of shares -- 8.16 Estoppel by share certificate -- 8.17 The register of members -- 8.18 The register of substantial shareholdings -- 8.19 The directors -- 8.20 Directors' duties -- 8.21 Statutory enforcement of directors' duties -- 8.22 Relief from liability -- 8.23 The company secretary -- 8.24 The enforcement of directors' duties -- Part IV: BUSINESS ASSETS, BORROWING AND SECURITIES -- 9 Business property -- 9.1 The nature and classification of business property -- 9.2 Introduction to the English law of real property -- 9.3 Rights over the property of another -- 9.4 The reforms of 1925 -- 9.5 Registered and unregistered conveyancing -- 9.6 The classification of estates and interest in land: unregistered and registered -- 9.7 Choses in possession -- 9.8 Choses in action -- 9.9 Intellectual property rights -- 9.10 Product design protection -- 9.11 Semiconductor chip design protection -- 10 Securities for loans -- 10.1 The nature of a security -- 10.2 Mortgages of land.

10.3 Priority and protection of mortgagees -- 10.4 Protection of the mortgagor -- 10.5 Remedies of the mortgagee -- 10.6 Mortgages of registered stocks and shares -- 10.7 Miscellaneous securities -- 10.8 Mortgages of life insurance polices -- 10.9 Goods as a security -- 10.10 Securities created by registered companies -- 10.11 Charges over company assets -- 10.12 The registration of charges -- 10.13 Disadvantages of floating charges -- 10.14 Duty of charge holder with regard to authority of company and offices -- 10.15 Guarantees and indemnities -- 10.16 Property covered by a retention of title clause -- 10.17 Liens -- Part V: BUSINESS CONTRACTS -- 11 The law of agency -- 11.1 Definition of agency -- 11.2 Types of agent -- 11.3 The authority of the agent -- 11.4 The rights and duties of the agent -- 11.5 The rights of the agent against the principal -- 11.6 Agents' liability to the third party -- 11.7 Termination of agency -- 11.8 Commercial agents -- 12 Contracts of employment -- 12.1 The contract for service and the contract for services -- 12.2 Vicarious liability -- 12.3 Continuity of employment -- 12.4 Formation of the contract of employment -- 12.5 Restraint of trade clauses -- 12.6 Fixed-term and performance contracts -- 13 Contracts for the sale and supply of goods -- 13.1 Contracts for the sale of goods -- 13.2 The form of the contract -- 13.3 The implied terms in a contract for the sale of goods -- 13.4 Waiver of breach of condition -- 13.5 Exclusion of terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 -- 13.6 Similar protection for other contracts under which goods pass -- 13.7 The passing of the property and the passing of the risk -- 13.8 Sale by a non-owner -- 13.9 Performance of the contract -- 13.10 Rights of the unpaid seller against the goods -- 13.11 Actions for breach of the contract -- 13.12 Contracts for the supply of goods.

13.13 Goods supplied under hire-purchase and conditional sale agreements -- 13.14 Discrimination in respect of services, goods and facilities -- Part VI: PAYMENT METHODS -- 14 Consumer credit agreements -- 14.1 Agreements within the Act -- 14.2 Licensing and seeking business -- 14.3 Form and contents of the agreement -- 14.4 Cancellation -- 14.5 Dealer as creditor's agent -- 14.6 Creditors' liability for suppliers' defaults -- 14.7 Misusing credit facilities -- 14.8 Early and late payment by the debtor -- 14.9 Default and non-default notices -- 14.10 Extortionate credit bargains -- 14.11 Death of debtor -- 14.12 Hire-purchase and other instalment sales -- 14.13 Protection of the private purchaser of a motor vehicle -- 14.14 Conditional sale and credit sale agreements -- 15 Bills of exchange, cheques, credit and debit cards -- 15.1 Bills of exchange and cheques in settlement of debts -- 15.2 Bills of exchange and cheques contrasted -- 15.3 The essentials of a bill of exchange -- 15.4 Capacity and authority of the parties -- 15.5 Acceptance of a bill of exchange -- 15.6 Payment of a bill of exchange -- 15.7 Inchoate instruments -- 15.8 Negotiation of a bill of exchange or cheque -- 15.9 The consideration for a bill -- 15.10 The holders of a bill -- 15.11 The cash equivalence of the bill of exchange or cheque -- 15.12 Discharge of a bill of exchange or cheque -- 15.13 The banker-customer relationship -- 15.14 The duties owed by the bank to the customer -- 15.15 The customer's duties to the bank -- 15.16 Bankers' protection: the paying and the collecting banker -- 15.17 The protection of the paying banker -- 15.18 The protection of the collecting banker -- 15.19 Analogous instruments and bankers' drafts -- 15.20 The collecting banker as holder in due course -- 15.21 Electronic funds transfer (EFT) -- Part VII: CONSUMER PROTECTION.

16 Consumer protection.