Front Cover -- Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial,and Military Sources -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acronyms -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- The Early History of Radioactivity -- The Nuclear Energy Industry -- Early Studies of Radioactive Contamination of the Environment -- Chapter 2. The Biological Basis of Radiation Protection -- Early Knowledge of Radiation Effects -- Summary of Present Knowledge of Radiation Effects on Humans -- Chapter 3. Radiation Protection Standards -- Evolution of Radiation Dose Standards -- Changes in Concepts of Standards Setting -- Organizations Involved in Establishing and Implementing Radiation Protection Standards -- Chapter 4. Atmospheric Pathways -- Properties of the Atmosphere -- Deposition and Resuspension -- Tropospheric and Stratospheric Behavior -- Chapter 5. Terrestrial and Aquatic Pathways -- The Food Chain from Soil to Humans -- Transport in Groundwater Systems -- Transport in Surface Water Systems -- Chapter 6. Natural Radioactivity -- Naturally Occurring Radioactive Substances -- Natural Radioactivity in Phosphate Fertilizers -- Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials -- Natural Radioactivity in Fossil Fuels -- Induced Radionuclides -- Natural Sources of External Ionizing Radiation -- Technological Developments That Increase Human Exposure -- Areas Having Unusually High Natural Radioactivity -- Summary of Human Exposures to Natural Ionizing Radiation -- Chapter 7. Production and Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels -- Uranium -- Thorium -- Average Doses from the Production and Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels -- Chapter 8. Power Reactors -- Some Physical Aspects of Reactor Design and Operation -- Types of Reactors.

Low-Level Discharges from Light-Water Reactors -- Reactor Accidents -- Chapter 9. Nuclear Weapons -- Physical Aspects of Nuclear Explosions -- Short-Term Radiological Effects of Nuclear War -- Some Problems of Recovery from Nuclear Attack -- Worldwide Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests -- Behavior of Individual Radionuclides from Fallout -- Lung Dose Due to Inhalation of Dust from Weapons Tests -- External Radiation -- Chapter 10. Various Other Sources of Exposure -- The Early History of Radium -- Exposure from Radioluminescent Paints -- Uranium and Thorium in Ceramics and Glass -- Depleted Uranium Projectiles -- Thorium in Gas Mantles -- Thorium in Welding Rods -- Use of Specific Radionuclides ("Isotopes") in Research and Industry -- Americium-241 in Smoke Detectors -- Radionuclides as Sources of Power -- Transportation of Radioactive Substances -- Summary of Doses Received from Various Sources -- Chapter 11. Radioactive Waste Management -- Low-Level Wastes -- High-Level Wastes -- Proposed Repositories in the United States -- The Special Problems of Gaseous or Highly Soluble Long- Lived Radionuclides -- Chapter 12. Experience with Radioactive Contamination Due to Accidents -- Fallout from the Thermonuclear Weapons Test of March 1, 1954 -- The Accident at the Windscale Reactor Number One, October 1957 -- The Houston Incident of March 1957 -- The Oak Ridge Plutonium Release of November 1959 -- The Army Stationary Low-Power Reactor (SL-1), January 1961 -- Abortive Reentry of the SNAP 9A, April 1964 -- Reentry of the Satellite Cosmos 954, January 1978 -- The Accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2, March 1979 -- The Chernobyl Accident, April 1986 -- Other Contaminating Events That Occurred in the Former Soviet Union -- Accidents Involving Military Aircraft Carrying Nuclear Weapons -- Accidents Involving Abandoned, Lost, or Stolen Gamma-Radiation Sources.

Chapter 13. Methods of Environmental Surveillance -- Design Phase -- Operational Phase -- Environmental Surveillance under Emergency Conditions -- Chapter 14. Radiological Assessment and Its Application to Dose Reconstruction -- Radiological Assessment -- Dose Reconstruction -- Events Leading to the Need for Dose Reconstructions -- Summary of Dose Reconstruction Projects at U.S. Nuclear Weapons Plants -- Chapter 15. Remediation of Contaminated Sites -- Examples of U.S. Standards for Cleanup -- Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and the Public -- The Remediation Process -- Remediation Measures and Technology -- Sites Predating World War II -- Sites Related to the Development of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons -- Some Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 16. Radiation Exposure and Risks: Some Contemporary Social Aspects -- The Occupational Safety Record of the U.S. Nuclear Energy Program -- Sources of Exposure of the General Population -- The Disparity between Actual and Perceived Risk -- Evolution of the Modern Environmental Movement -- Public Perception of Technology -- The Positive Side of Popular Environmentalism -- What about the Future of Nuclear Energy? -- Appendix: The Properties of Certain Radionuclides -- References -- Index.