Front Cover -- Handbook of Milk Composition -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter I. Introduction -- I. Purpose -- II. General Description of Milks -- References -- Chapter 2. The Structure of Milk: Implications for Sampling and Storage -- A. The Milk Lipid Globule Membrane -- I. lntracellular Origin and Growth of Milk Lipid Globules -- II. Role of lntracellular Lipid Droplet Coat Material -- III. Milk Lipid Globule Secretion -- IV. Nature and Frequency of Cytoplasmic Crescents -- V. Size and Membrane Area Distribution of Milk Lipid Globules -- VI. Nature of Milk Llipid Globule Membranes -- VII. Reorganization of the Membrane during Storage and Processing -- References -- B. Particulate Constituents in Human and Bovine Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Cells and Membrane Fragments -- Ill. Emulsion Parameters -- IV. Casein Micelles -- V. Summary -- References -- C. Sampling and Storage of Human Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Mechanisms of Milk Secretion and Ejection -- III. Methods for Obtaining a Representative Milk Sample -- IV. Sources of Change in Milk Composition during Storage -- V. Recommendations for Storage of Milk Samples -- VI. Summary -- References -- D. Sampling and Storage of Bovine Milk -- 1. Introduction -- II. Sampling -- III. Storage -- References -- E. The Physical Properties of Human and Bovine Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Electrical Conductivity -- III. Freezing Point -- IV. Boiling Point -- V. Osmolality or Osmotic Pressure -- VI. pH -- VII. Specific Gravity -- VIII. Surface Tension -- IX. Titratable Acidity -- X. Specific Heat -- XI. Coefficient of Expansion -- XII. Viscosity -- References -- Chapter 3. Determinants of Milk Volume and Composition -- A. Lactogenesis in Women: A Cascade of Events Revealed by Milk Composition -- I. Introduction.

II. The Physiological Basis of Lactogenesis -- Ill. The Composition of the Preparation Mammary Secretion -- IV. Implications of Changes in Milk Composition during Lactogenesis -- V. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- B. Volume and Caloric Density of Human Milk -- 1. Introduction -- II. Methods for Measurement of Milk Volume -- III. Milk Volumes in Exclusively Breast-Feeding Women -- IV. Breast Milk Volumes Transferred to Partially Breast-Fed Infants -- V. Caloric Density of Human Milk -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- C. Volume and Caloric Density of Bovine Milk -- I. Volume -- II. Calorie Density -- References -- D. Regional Variations in the Composition of Human Milk -- I. Summary -- References -- E. Effects of Gestational Stage at Delivery on Human Milk Components -- I. Introduction -- II. Nitrogen Composition of Preterm Milk -- Ill. Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction of Preterm Milk -- IV. Macrominerals and Electrolytes -- V. Trace Elements -- VI. Vitamins -- VII. Physiological Basis of Preterm Milk Composition -- VIII. Summary -- References -- F. Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Composition and Volume of Human and Bovine Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Human Milk -- III. Bovine Milk -- References -- Chapter 4. Carbohydrates in Milks: Analysis, Quantities, and Significance -- 1. Introduction -- II. Analytical Measurement of Carbohydrates in Milk -- III. Human Milk Lactose -- IV. Human Milk Glucose -- V. Human Milk Galactose -- VI. Human Milk Oligosaccharides -- VII. Lactose in Nonhuman Milk -- VIII. Other Carbohydrates in Nonhuman Milk -- IX. Summary -- X. Speculation on Functions of Lactose -- References -- Chapter 5. Nitrogenous Components of Milk -- A. Human Milk Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Caseins -- III. Whey Proteins -- References -- B. Nonprotein Nitrogen Fractions of Human Milk -- I. Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction.

II. Components of Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Fraction -- III. Factors Affecting Milk Acid-Soluble Nitrogen Composition -- IV. Quantitative Recovery of Components in the Acid-Soluble Fraction of Milk -- V. Summary -- References -- C. Enzymes in Human Milk -- 1. Introduction -- II. Milk Enzymes Active Mainly in the Mammary Gland -- III. Milk Enzymes without Well-Defined Function -- IV. Milk Enzymes Important in Neonatal Development -- References -- D. Hormones and Growth Factors in Human Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Explanation of Data -- References -- E. Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Human and Bovine Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Analytical Methodology -- III. Composition of Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Milk -- IV. Significance of Dietary Nucleotides in Infant Nutrition -- V. Summary -- References -- F. Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Protein Composition -- III. Amino Acid Composition -- References -- G. Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Bovine Milk -- 1. Nitrogen Content of Milk -- II. Milk NPN -- References -- H. Enzymes Indigenous to Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymes of Technological Significance -- References -- I. Hormones and Growth Factors in Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Hormones -- III. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Milk Lipids A. Human Milk Lipids -- A. Human Milk Lipids -- I. Introduction -- II. Collection, Preparation, and Storage of Samples -- III. Determinations of Lipid Content -- IV. Factors Affecting Total Lipid Content -- V. Lipid Classes -- References -- B. Bovine Milk Lipids -- I. Introduction -- II. Collection, Preparation, and Storage of Samples -- III. Determination of Lipid Content -- IV. Factors Affecting Total Lipid Content -- V. Lipid Classes -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Minerals, Ions, and Trace Elements in Milk.

A. Ionic Interactions in Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Methodologies -- Ill. Hydrogen Ion Equilibria in Milk -- IV. Distribution of Monovalent Ions in Milk -- V. Distribution of Divalent Cations among the Structural Cornpartmenu of Milk -- VI. Calcium and Zinc Binding to Casein -- VII. Divalent Cation Equilibria in the Aqueous Compartment of Milk -- VIII. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- B. Major Minerals and Ionic Constitutents of Human and Bovine Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Major Monovalent Ions: Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride -- 111. Divalent Ions: Calcium, Magnesium, Citrate, Phosphate, and Sulfate -- References -- C. Microminerals in Human and Animal Milks -- I. Nutritional Aspects of Microminerals -- II. Microminerals in Milks -- III. Radioisotopes -- References -- Chapter 8. Vitamins in Milk -- A. Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Methodological Considerations -- III. Factors That Influence Water-Soluble Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk -- IV. Water-Soluble Vitamin Contents of Human Milk -- V. Summary -- References -- B. Water-Soluble Vitamins in Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Forms and Stability -- III. Summary -- References -- C. Carotenoids, Retinoids, and Vitamin K in Human Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Retinoids -- III. Carotenoids -- IV. Vitamin K -- V. Fat-Soluble Vitamins-Methodological Considerations -- References -- D. Vitamins D and E in Human Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Vitamin D -- III. Vitamin E -- References -- E. Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Carotenoids and Retinoids -- III. Vitamin D -- IV. Tocopherols (Vitamin E) -- V. Vitamin K -- References -- Chapter 9. Defense Agents in Milk -- A. Defense Agents in Human Milk -- 1. Introduction -- II. Types of Defense Agents in Human Milk -- III. Coda -- References.

B. Defense Agents in Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Lysozyme -- Ill. Lactoferrin -- IV. Lactoperoxidases -- V. Immunoglobulins -- VI. Vitamin-Binding Proteins -- VII. Lipids -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Comparative Analysis of Nonhuman Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. Factors Affecting Milk Composition Data -- III. Phylogenetic Patterns in Milk Composition -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- B. Phylogenetic and Ecological Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Milks -- I. Introduction -- II. The Sources of Fatty Acids among Species -- III. Considerations in Sampling and Analysis of Milk Fatty Acids -- IV. Selection Criteria for the Milk Fatty Acid Table -- V. Patterns of Milk Fatty Acids among Taxonomic Groups -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- C. Comparative Analysis of Milks Used for Human Consumption -- I. Introduction -- II. Chemical Properties of Milks -- III. Uses for Milks of Domesticated Animals -- IV. Summary -- References -- D. Infant Formulas -- I. Introduction -- II. Composition -- References -- Chapter 11. Contaminants in Milk -- A. Drugs and Contaminants in Human Milk -- I. Contaminants -- II. Chemical Constituents of Human Milk -- III. Pharmacokinetic Approach to Drug Transport into Milk -- IV. Properties of Substances That Influence Distribution in Milk -- V. The Characteristics of the Infant -- VI. Substances That Influence Milk Production -- VII. Exposure to a "Recreational Drug"- Nicotine -- VIII. Environmental Substances in Milk -- IX. Heavy Metal as Contaminants in Human Milk -- X. Insecticides -- XI. Other Environmental Contaminants -- XII. Concluding Thoughts -- References -- B. Contaminants in Bovine Milk -- I. Introduction -- II. Chlorinated Pesticides and Related Compounds: PCBs, PBBs, and Dioxins -- III. Veterinary and Other Drugs -- IV. Detergents and Disinfectants -- V. Mycotoxins -- VI. Metals.

VII. Radionuclides.