Contents -- Preface -- Principal symbols -- List of acronyms -- 1. Introduction to electromagnetic theory -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Maxwell's equations -- 1.2.1 Charge continuity equation -- 1.2.2 Boundary conditions -- 1.3 Energy flux of electromagnetic field -- 1.4 Conservation law of the electromagnetic field -- 1.5 Electromagnetic wave equations -- 1.5.1 The Poynting vector and the Stokes parameter -- 1.5.2 Harmonic time dependence and the Fourier transform -- 2. Wave optics and polarization -- 2.1 Electromagnetic theory of propagation -- 2.1.1 Intensity of a light wave -- 2.1.2 Harmonic plane waves -- 2.1.3 Harmonic spherical waves -- 2.2 Complex representation of monochromatic light waves -- 2.2.1 Superposition of waves -- 2.2.2 Standing waves -- 2.2.3 Phase and group velocities -- 2.3 Complex representation of non-monochromatic fields -- 2.3.1 Convolution relationship -- 2.3.2 Case of quasi-monochromatic light -- 2.3.3 Successive wave-trains emitted by an atom -- 2.3.4 Coherence length and coherence time -- 2.4 Polarization of plane monochromatic waves -- 2.4.1 Stokes vector representation -- 2.4.2 Optical elements required for polarimetry -- 2.4.3 Degree of polarization -- 2.4.4 Transformation of Stokes parameters -- 2.4.4.1 Polarimeter -- 2.4.4.2 Imaging polarimeter -- 3. Interference and diffraction -- 3.1 Fundamentals of interference -- 3.2 Interference of two monochromatic waves -- 3.2.1 Young's double-slit experiment -- 3.2.2 Michelson's interferometer -- 3.2.3 Mach-Zehnder interferometer -- 3.3 Interference with quasi-monochromatic waves -- 3.4 Propagation of mutual coherence -- 3.4.1 Propagation laws for the mutual coherence -- 3.4.2 Wave equations for the mutual coherence -- 3.5 Degree of coherence from an extended incoherent source: partial coherence -- 3.5.1 The van Cittert-Zernike theorem -- 3.5.2 Coherence area.

3.6 Diffraction -- 3.6.1 Derivation of the diffracted field -- 3.6.2 Fresnel approximation -- 3.6.3 Fraunhofer approximation -- 3.6.3.1 Diffraction by a rectangular aperture -- 3.6.3.2 Diffraction by a circular pupil -- 4. Image formation -- 4.1 Image of a source -- 4.1.1 Coherent imaging -- 4.1.2 Incoherent imaging -- 4.1.3 Optical transfer function -- 4.1.4 Image in the presence of aberrations -- 4.2 Imaging with partially coherent beams -- 4.2.1 Effects of a transmitting object -- 4.2.2 Transmission of mutual intensity -- 4.2.3 Images of trans-illuminated objects -- 4.3 The optical telescope -- 4.3.1 Resolving power of a telescope -- 4.3.2 Telescope aberrations -- 5. Theory of atmospheric turbulence -- 5.1 Earth's atmosphere -- 5.2 Basic formulations of atmospheric turbulence -- 5.2.1 Turbulent flows -- 5.2.2 Inertial subrange -- 5.2.3 Structure functions of the velocity field -- 5.2.4 Kolmogorov spectrum of the velocity field -- 5.2.5 Statistics of temperature fluctuations -- 5.2.6 Refractive index fluctuations -- 5.2.7 Experimental validation of structure constants -- 5.3 Statistical properties of the propagated wave through turbulence -- 5.3.1 Contribution of a thin layer -- 5.3.2 Computation of phase structure function -- 5.3.3 Effect of Fresnel diffraction -- 5.3.4 Contribution of multiple turbulent layers -- 5.4 Imaging in randomly inhomogeneous media -- 5.4.1 Seeing-limited images -- 5.4.2 Atmospheric coherence length -- 5.4.3 Atmospheric coherence time -- 5.4.4 Aniso-planatism -- 5.5 Image motion -- 5.5.1 Variance due to angle of arrival -- 5.5.2 Scintillation -- 5.5.3 Temporal evolution of image motion -- 5.5.4 Image blurring -- 5.5.5 Measurement of r0 -- 5.5.6 Seeing at the telescope site -- 5.5.6.1 Wind shears -- 5.5.6.2 Dome seeing -- 5.5.6.3 Mirror seeing -- 6. Speckle imaging -- 6.1 Speckle phenomena.

6.1.1 Statistical properties of speckle pattern -- 6.1.2 Superposition of speckle patterns -- 6.1.3 Power-spectral density -- 6.2 Speckle pattern interferometry with rough surface -- 6.2.1 Principle of speckle correlation fringe formation -- 6.2.2 Speckle correlation fringes by addition -- 6.2.3 Speckle correlation fringes by subtraction -- 6.3 Stellar speckle interferometry -- 6.3.1 Outline of the theory of speckle interferometry -- 6.3.2 Benefit of short-exposure images -- 6.3.3 Data processing -- 6.3.4 Noise reduction using Wiener filter -- 6.3.5 Simulations to generate speckles -- 6.3.6 Speckle interferometer -- 6.3.7 Speckle spectroscopy -- 6.3.8 Speckle polarimetry -- 6.4 Pupil-plane interferometry -- 6.4.1 Estimation of object modulus -- 6.4.2 Shear interferometry -- 6.5 Aperture synthesis with single telescope -- 6.5.1 Phase-closure method -- 6.5.2 Aperture masking method -- 6.5.3 Non-redundant masking interferometer -- 7. Adaptive optics -- 7.1 Basic principles -- 7.1.1 Greenwood frequency -- 7.1.2 Thermal blooming -- 7.2 Wavefront analysis using Zernike polynomials -- 7.2.1 Definition of Zernike polynomial and its properties -- 7.2.2 Variance of wavefront distortions -- 7.2.3 Statistics of atmospheric Zernike coefficients -- 7.3 Elements of adaptive optics systems -- 7.3.1 Steering/tip-tilt mirrors -- 7.3.2 Deformable mirrors -- 7.3.2.1 Segmented mirrors -- 7.3.2.2 Ferroelectric actuators -- 7.3.2.3 Deformable mirrors with discrete actuators -- 7.3.2.4 Bimorph deformable mirror (BDM) -- 7.3.2.5 Membrane deformable mirrors -- 7.3.2.6 Liquid crystal DM -- 7.3.3 Deformable mirror driver electronics -- 7.3.4 Wavefront sensors -- 7.3.4.1 Shack Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor -- 7.3.4.2 Curvature sensing -- 7.3.4.3 Pyramid WFS -- 7.3.5 Wavefront reconstruction -- 7.3.5.1 Zonal and modal approaches -- 7.3.5.2 Servo control.

7.3.6 Accuracy of the correction -- 7.3.7 Reference source -- 7.3.8 Adaptive secondary mirror -- 7.3.9 Multi-conjugate adaptive optics -- 8. High resolution detectors -- 8.1 Photo-electric effect -- 8.1.1 Detecting light -- 8.1.2 Photo-detector elements -- 8.1.3 Detection of photo-electrons -- 8.1.4 Photo-multiplier tube -- 8.1.5 Image intensifiers -- 8.2 Charge-coupled device (CCD) -- 8.2.1 Readout procedure -- 8.2.2 Characteristic features -- 8.2.2.1 Quantum efficiency -- 8.2.2.2 Charge Transfer efficiency -- 8.2.2.3 Gain -- 8.2.2.4 Dark current -- 8.2.3 Calibration of CCD -- 8.2.4 Intensified CCD -- 8.3 Photon-counting sensors -- 8.3.1 CCD-based photon-counting system -- 8.3.2 Digicon -- 8.3.3 Precision analog photon address (PAPA) camera -- 8.3.4 Position sensing detectors -- 8.3.5 Special anode cameras -- 8.4 Solid state technologies -- 8.4.1 Electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) -- 8.4.2 Superconducting tunnel junction -- 8.4.3 Avalanche photo-diodes -- 8.5 Infrared sensors -- 9. Image processing -- 9.1 Post-detection image reconstruction -- 9.1.1 Shift-and-add algorithm -- 9.1.2 Selective image reconstruction -- 9.1.3 Speckle holography -- 9.1.4 Cross-spectrum analysis -- 9.1.5 Differential speckle interferometry -- 9.1.6 Knox-Thomson technique (KT) -- 9.1.7 Triple-correlation technique -- 9.1.7.1 Deciphering phase from bispectrum -- 9.1.7.2 Relationship between KT and TC -- 9.2 Iterative deconvolution techniques -- 9.2.1 Fienup algorithm -- 9.2.2 Blind iterative deconvolution (BID) technique -- 9.2.3 Richardson-Lucy algorithm -- 9.2.4 Maximum entropy method (MEM) -- 9.2.5 Pixon -- 9.2.6 Miscellaneous iterative algorithms -- 9.3 Phase retrieval -- 9.3.1 Phase-unwrapping -- 9.3.2 Phase-diversity -- 10. Astronomy fundamentals -- 10.1 Black body radiation -- 10.1.1 Cavity radiation -- 10.1.2 Planck's law.

10.1.3 Application of blackbody radiation concepts to stellar emission -- 10.1.4 Radiation mechanism -- 10.1.4.1 Atomic transition -- 10.1.4.2 Hydrogen spectra -- 10.2 Astronomical measurements -- 10.2.1 Flux density and luminosity -- 10.2.2 Magnitude scale -- 10.2.2.1 Apparent magnitude -- 10.2.2.2 Absolute magnitude -- 10.2.2.3 Bolometric corrections -- 10.2.3 Distance scale -- 10.2.4 Extinction -- 10.2.4.1 Interstellar extinction -- 10.2.4.2 Color excess -- 10.2.4.3 Atmospheric extinction -- 10.2.4.4 Instrumental magnitudes -- 10.2.4.5 Color and magnitude transformation -- 10.2.4.6 UBV transformation equations -- 10.2.5 Stellar temperature -- 10.2.5.1 Effective temperature -- 10.2.5.2 Brightness temperature -- 10.2.5.3 Color temperature -- 10.2.5.4 Kinetic temperature -- 10.2.5.5 Excitation temperature -- 10.2.5.6 Ionization temperature -- 10.2.6 Stellar spectra -- 10.2.6.1 Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram -- 10.2.6.2 Spectral classification -- 10.2.6.3 Utility of stellar spectrum -- 10.3 Binary stars -- 10.3.1 Masses of stars -- 10.3.2 Types of binary systems -- 10.3.2.1 Visual binaries -- 10.3.2.2 Spectroscopic binaries -- 10.3.2.3 Eclipsing binaries -- 10.3.2.4 Astrometric binaries -- 10.3.3 Binary star orbits -- 10.3.3.1 Apparent orbit -- 10.3.3.2 Orbit determination -- 10.4 Conventional instruments at telescopes -- 10.4.1 Imaging with CCD -- 10.4.2 Photometer -- 10.4.3 Spectrometer -- 10.5 Occultation technique -- 10.5.1 Methodology of occultation observation -- 10.5.2 Science with occultation technique -- 11. Astronomical applications -- 11.1 High resolution imaging of extended objects -- 11.1.1 The Sun -- 11.1.1.1 Solar structure -- 11.1.1.2 Transient phenomena -- 11.1.1.3 Solar interferometric observations -- 11.1.1.4 Solar speckle observation during eclipse -- 11.1.2 Jupiter -- 11.1.3 Asteroids -- 11.2 Stellar objects.

11.2.1 Measurement of stellar diameter.