Front Cover -- C4 Plant Biology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Perspectives -- Chapter 1. Why C4 Photosynthesis? -- I. Introduction -- II. The Problem with Rubisco -- III. How C4 Photosynthesis Solves the Rubisco Problem -- IV. Significant Variations on the C4 Theme -- V. The Consequences of the Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis -- VI. C4 Photosynthesis in the Future -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2. C4 Photosynthesis: A Historical Overview -- I. Introduction -- II. The Prediscovery Scene (Before 1965) -- III. Discovery: Radiotracer Evidence (1954-1967) -- IV. Mechanism, Functions, and Recognition (1965-1970) -- V. Selected Aspects of the C4 Story (1970- ) -- VI. Summary -- References -- Part II: Structure-Function of the C4 Syndrome -- Chapter 3. The Biochemistry of C4 Photosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. CO2 Concentration and Rubisco Activity in Bundle Sheath Cells -- III. Energetics of C4 Photosynthesis -- IV. Coordination of the Two Cell Types in C4 Photosynthesis -- V. Intracellular Transport of Metabolites -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Regulation of the C4 Pathway -- I. Introduction -- II. An Overview of the Regulation of the C4 Cycle -- III. Regulation of the C4 Cycle -- IV. Interactions between the C4 Cycle and Mitochondrial Metabolism -- V. Regulation of the Benson-Calvin Cycle in C4 Plants -- VI. Regulation of Product Synthesis in Leaves of C4 Plants -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Leaf Structure and Development in C4 Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Kranz Anatomy and Biochemical Compartmentation -- III. Development of the C4 Syndrome -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Modeling C4 Photosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Basic Model Equations -- III. Analysis of the Model -- IV. Summary -- References -- Part III: Ecology of C4 Photosynthesis.

Chapter 7. Environmental Responses -- I. Introduction -- II. Light -- III. Nitrogen -- IV. Water -- V. Temperature -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Success of C4 Photosynthesis in the Field: Lessons from Communities Dominated by C4 Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. The C4-Dominated Tallgrass Prairies of North America -- III. The C4-Dominated Neotropical Savannas -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. C4 Plants and Herbivory -- I. Introduction -- II. Unique Features of C4 Species That May Affect Herbivores and Plant Responses to Herbivory -- III. How Important Are C4 Characteristics to Herbivory Tolerance and Resistance? -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. The Biogeography of C4 Photosynthesis: Patterns and Controlling Factors -- I. Introduction -- II. The Global Distribution of C4 Photosynthesis -- III. Factors Controlling the Distribution of C4 Species -- IV. C4 Plants in the Future -- V. Summary -- References -- Part IV: The Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis -- Chapter 11. The Origins of C4 Genes and Evolutionary Pattern in the C4 Metabolic Phenotype -- I. Introduction -- II. The Evolution of C4 Genes -- III. The Evolution of C4 Metabolism as Evidenced in C3-C4 Intermediates -- IV. The Evolution of C4 Metabolism in Relation to Ecological Factors and Plant Growth Form -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 12. Phylogenetic Aspects of the Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Phylogenetic Pattern -- III. Number and Time of C4 Origins -- IV. Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Paleorecords of C4 Plants and Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Paleorecords -- III. Summary -- References -- Part V: C4 Plants and Humanity -- Chapter 14. Agronomic Implications of C4 Photosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Adaptation and Characterization of C4 Crop Plants.

III. Productivity of C4 Crop Plants -- IV. Crop Quality -- V. Weeds -- VI. C3-C4 Mixtures -- VII. Turf -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 15. C4 Plants and the Development of Human Societies -- I. Introduction -- II. C4 Plants, Carbon Isotopes, and Human Evolution -- III. The Emergence of Food Production -- IV. Millets in China -- V. C4 Plants in Africa -- VI. Maize in the Americas -- VII. The Past 500 Years -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 16. The Taxonomic Distribution of C4 Photosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Methodology -- III. Lists of C4 Taxa -- IV. Summary -- References -- Index -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Color Plate Section.