The Missing Gene -- The Missing Gene -- Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes -- Jay Joseph, Psy.D. -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Author's Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1. Introduction. The Twin Method: Science or Pseudoscience? -- A Brief Introduction to the Chapters -- The Classical Twin Method -- A Closer Look at Kendler's Defense of the EEA -- Two "Competing Hypotheses" Discussed by Kendler -- Hypothesis #1 (Critics) -- Hypothesis #2 (Twin Researchers) -- The Twin Method as Pseudoscience -- The "Heritability" Fallacy -- Chapter 2. ADHD Genetic Research: Activity Deserving of Attention, or Studies Disordered by Deficits? -- Chapter 2. ADHD Genetic Research: -- ADHD Family Studies -- ADHD Twin Studies -- The Equal Environment Assumption and ADHD Twin Studies -- ADHD Adoption Research -- Overview -- The "Adoptive Parents" Method -- Thapar et al., 1999 -- Sprich et al., 2000 -- Schachar & Tannock, 2002 -- Ogdie et al., 2003 -- Waslick & Greenhill, 2004 -- Biederman, 2005 -- Faraone et al., 2005 -- Safer, 1973 -- Morrison & Stewart, 1973* -- Cantwell, 1975* -- Alberts-Corush et al., 1986* -- van den Oord et al., 1994 -- Sprich et al., 2000* -- Summary and Discussion of ADHD Adoption Research -- A Genetic Predisposition for ADHD? -- Heritability -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3. A Critique of the Spectrum Concept as Used in the Danish-American Schizophrenia Adoption Studies -- Chapter 3. A Critique of the Spectrum Concept -- Origins of the Spectrum -- The Inclusion of "Borderline Schizophrenia" (B3) in the Schizophrenia Spectrum -- The Siever and Gunderson Reanalysis -- Eugen Bleuler and "Latent Schizophrenia" -- Other Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) -- Does Association Imply Genetic Relatedness? -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4. Pellagra and Genetic Research -- A Published Family Study of Pellagra.

Twin Studies -- Reared-Apart Twins -- Adoption Studies -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5. A Generation Misinformed: Psychiatry and Psychology Textbooks' Inaccurate Accounts of Schizophrenia Adoption Research -- Chapter 5. A Generation Misinformed -- Heston's Oregon Adoption Study -- Rosenthal and Associates' Danish-American Adoptees Study -- The Lowing Reanalysis -- Kety and Associates' Danish Adoptees' Family Studies -- The Paternal Half-Siblings -- The Kendler and Gruenberg Reanalysis -- Conclusions -- Chapter 6. Irving Gottesman's 1991 Schizophrenia Genesis: A Primary Source for Misunderstanding the Genetics of Schizophrenia -- Chapter 6. Irving Gottesman's 1991 Schizophrenia Genesis -- Is Schizophrenia a Genetic Disorder? A Closer Look at Gottesman's "Figure 10" of the Schizophrenia Risk Among Various Types of Relatives -- Family Data -- Twin Studies -- Classical and Contemporary Studies -- Equal Environment Assumption -- Failure to Include Opposite-Sex Fraternal Concordance Rates -- Fraternal Twins Versus Siblings -- Dual Mating Studies -- Conclusions Regarding Gottesman's Figure 10 -- Gottesman's Reporting of Individual Twin Studies -- Gottesman's Reporting of Schizophrenia Adoption Research -- The General Population as an Additional Control Group -- Other Issues -- A Genetic Predisposition for Schizophrenia? -- Morten and Karl -- Politicians and Scientists -- Gottesman on the Relationship Between Psychiatric Genetics and German National Socialism -- Steps One and Two -- Step Three -- Step Four -- Steps Five and Six -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7. Autism and Genetics: Much Ado About Very Little -- Autism Twin Studies -- Unequal Prenatal Environments -- The Four Studies -- Folstein and Rutter, 1977 -- Ritvo and Colleagues, 1985 -- Steffenburg and Colleagues, 1989 -- Bailey and Colleagues, 1995 -- Are Twins More Susceptible to Autism than Singletons?.

Conclusions Regarding the Autism Twin Data -- Autism and Poliomyelitis -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8. The 1942 "Euthanasia" Debate in the American Journal of Psychiatry -- Foster Kennedy Calls for Killing -- Leo Kanner's "Exoneration of the Feebleminded" -- The Final Word: An Anonymous Editorial Comment -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9. The Twin Method's Achilles Heel: A Critical Review of the Equal Environment Assumption Test Literature -- Chapter 9. The Twin Method's Achilles Heel -- The "First Method" -- The "Second Method" -- The "Third Method" -- The "Fourth Method" -- The "Fifth Method" -- Subsequent EEA Test Publications -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10. Bipolar Disorder and Genetics -- Origins -- The Shaky Case for Genetics -- Family Studies -- Twin Studies -- Adoption Studies -- Mendlewicz and Rainer, 1977 -- Wender, Kety, Rosenthal et al., 1986 -- Wender et al., 1986 -- Davidson & Neale, 1998 -- Faraone et al., 1999 -- Paris, 1999 -- Report of the US Surgeon General, 1999 -- DSM-IV-TR, 2000 -- Gelernter & Goldman, 2000 -- Potash & DePaulo, 2000 -- Craddock & Jones, 2001 -- Rehm et al., 2001 -- Cowan, Kopnisky, & Hyman, 2002 -- Maier, 2002 -- Merikangas et al., 2002 -- Sklar, 2002 -- Tohen & Angst, 2002 -- Faraone & Tsuang, 2003 -- Sadock & Sadock, 2003 -- Blackwood & Muir, 2004 -- Macgregor et al., 2004 -- Shih et al., 2004 -- Craddock, O'Donovan, & Owen, 2005 -- Kealey et al., 2005 -- Maziade et al., 2005 -- Raybould et al., 2005 -- Shastry, 2005 -- Shink et al., 2005 -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11. Genotype or Genohype? The Fruitless Search for Genes in Psychiatry -- The Stages of Molecular Genetic Research in Psychiatry -- Research Methods -- Cause and Effect -- The Fruitless Search for Schizophrenia Genes -- The Search for Genes is Based on Unsound Evidence -- The Fruitless Search for Schizophrenia Biological Markers (Endophenotypes) -- The Future.

The Fruitless Search for ADHD Genes -- Biological Markers -- Are Gene Findings Necessary in Order to Study Environmental Factors? -- The Fruitless Search for Autism Genes -- The Fruitless Search for Bipolar Genes -- A "Manic-Depressive History" -- The New Millennium -- Now and Beyond -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Glossary -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U.