Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- PART I -- 1 Introduction -- Part I -- From a 'hierarchy of equality' to inter-sectionality -- The goals of this volume -- A time of change -- Ongoing racial and religious tensions in the EU and beyond -- Part II - Fromsimple beginnings -- The goals of non-discrimination and equality: from market integration to human rights -- Equality: towards an autonomous right? -- Part III - Influential early developments -- Indirect discrimination -- Direct discrimination -- Positive action -- Part IV - Nationality -- Nationality as a tool of classification -- Third country nationals (TCNs) -- The Third Country Nationals Directive (TCN Directive) -- Nationality and the 'European Year of Equal Opportunities for All' -- Nationals from other Member States -- AMember State's own nationals: the rule against wholly internal situations -- 2 Article 13 EC, evolution and current contexts -- Introduction -- The Vienna Conference Keynote Address -- Article 13 and the search for equality in Europe: an overview -- Introduction -- The human rights context -- The relationship with the other parts of the treaty -- The limits of the Article -- Action to combat discrimination -- The protected grounds -- Conclusions -- The 'sleeping giant' awakes -- Commentary -- The five conditions -- Scope -- The definition of disability -- Associative and perceived grounds -- Indirect discrimination -- Harassment -- Comparable situations -- Positive action -- Conflict of rights -- Intersectional discrimination -- Concluding points -- 3 Human rights and European equality law -- Introduction -- Conceptions of equality and non-discrimination -- Equality as 'rationality' -- Equality as protective of 'prized public goods'.

Equality as preventing 'status-harms' arising from discrimination on particular grounds -- Equality as proactive promotion of equality of opportunity between particular groups -- International and regional human rights law dealing with equality and non-discrimination -- Sources of international provisions on equality and non-discrimination -- EC equality approaches as a contribution to international equality law -- Domestic legal developments -- Differing approaches to equality and non-discrimination revisited -- Human rights and equality in Community law -- Human rights as general principles of Community law -- Human rights in the context of Community values and objectives -- Human rights as founding principles and values -- Human rights as objectives -- The Lisbon strategy and non-discrimination -- Mainstreaming and the European Employment Strategy -- The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and equality -- Brussels European Council and the Charter of Fundamental Rights -- Continuing developments on equality and human rights in the European Union -- Human rights and equality: more theoretical issues -- Conclusion -- 4 Demographic, social change and equality -- Introduction -- Demographic change and the ageing of Europe -- The causes of demographic change -- Increase in life expectancy -- Decrease in fertility rates -- Globalisation -- Migration -- Growth in employment-related migration -- Continued intensification of refugee and asylum-seeker flows -- Migration: a multi-faceted panorama -- Socioeconomic consequences -- Economic consequences -- Dependency ratio -- Poverty, pensions and social security in old age -- Employment, labour market and labour consequences -- Costs of health and long term care -- Family and social consequences regarding care -- Politics and intergenerational conflict -- Multiculturalism and social integration.

What have law and equality got to do with it? -- Conclusion -- PART II -- 5 EU sex equality law post Amsterdam -- Introduction -- Unique features of sex equality regulation -- One important feature is that sex equality law was part of Community Law from the very beginning -- Post Amsterdam developments within sex equality law -- Constitutional developments post Amsterdam -- The Part-time Work and Fixed-term Work Directives -- The amended Equal Treatment Directive -- A new Article 13 Directive -- The Recast Directive -- Case law development -- Commenting on post-Amsterdam developments and pointing towards the future -- 6 EU anti-racism policy: the leader of the pack? -- Introduction -- The construction of a policy against racism -- Legislative initiatives -- The Race Equality Directive -- Combating racism through EU criminal law -- The definition of 'racism and xenophobia' -- Balancing freedom of expression with combating racism -- Combating racism with legal instruments -- Mainstreaming -- The process of mainstreaming -- The product of mainstreaming anti-racism -- Rhetoric or reality? -- The European UnionMonitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia -- Finding an institutional identity -- Fulfilling the mandate -- From EUMC to Fundamental Rights Agency -- Race and other equality grounds -- Race and human rights -- Conclusion -- 7 Religion or belief: aiming at the right target? -- History and context -- Scope of the protected ground -- Inclusion of 'belief' -- Relationship of the ECHR and the Framework Employment Directive -- Definition of 'religion or belief' -- The concept of discrimination -- Exceptions -- Requirements of the post -- Organisations with a religious ethos -- Northern Ireland -- Positive action -- Evaluation: aiming at the right target? -- Conclusion -- 8 Disability discrimination law in the European Union.

1. Introduction - the emergence of the rights-based approach to disability in the EU -- 2. Anchoring the rights-based approach in EU law -- 3. The value added of the non-discrimination tool -- 4. Anatomy of the Framework Employment Directive on the disability ground -- (a) The Recitals as windows on to the values of the Directive in the disability context -- (b) The crucial absence of a definition of disability -- (c) The prohibition on direct and indirect discrimination on the ground of disability (Article 2) -- (d) From formal rights to effective rights: the key obligation of 'reasonable accommodation' (Articles 2 and 5) -- (e) The space provided for 'positive action' (Article 7) -- (f) Exemptions: 'genuine and determining occupational requirement' -- (g) Permission for armed forces exemption: Article 3(4) -- 5. Conclusions -- 9 Age discrimination - Of Cinderella and The Golden Bough -- Age as a unique characteristic -- Meanings of age -- Demographic change and caring -- Ageing: a highly individualised process -- Accommodating the effects of ageing -- Defining age discrimination -- Different age cohorts: shared and distinct experiences -- Vulnerability of older workers -- Vulnerability of women -- The situation of young people -- Key contexts and factors -- European policy initiatives -- Enlargement -- The role of quality in work -- Age and the Employment Directive -- Article 6.1 and 'legitimate' age discrimination? -- Adapting to the peculiarities of age -- The 'kernel' effect -- The chronological age approach -- Examples of direct age discrimination -- Interpreting Article 6 - issues -- Interpreting Article 6 - case law -- National case law: the Netherlands -- Human rights, equality and justice -- Access to justice and promoting age equality -- Positive action -- Conclusion.

10 The 'mainstreaming' of sexual orientation into European equality law -- Introduction -- 'Sexual orientation' as a ground in the Framework Directive -- Equality concepts -- Direct discrimination -- Harassment -- Indirect discrimination -- 'Mainstreaming LGB equality' -- Access to justice -- Conclusion -- 11 Conclusion -- Equalising the hierarchy -- What the Directives have achieved -- The issue of definition -- Discrimination on associative or perceived grounds, conflicts of rights andmultiple discrimination -- European and international human rights instruments -- Nationality -- The way forward? -- Index.