Front Cover -- The Migration Ecology of Birds -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- TYPES OF BIRD MOVEMENTS -- ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION -- THE DIVERSITY OF MIGRATION -- SEDENTARY POPULATIONS -- HIBERNATION -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 2 Methodology -- OBSERVATIONS OF BIRDS ON MIGRATION -- RADAR AND OTHER DEVICES -- DISTRIBUTION STUDIES -- RINGING -- RADIO-TRACKING -- ISOTOPES AND OTHER MARKERS -- CONNECTIVITY -- STOPOVER ECOLOGY -- LABORATORY RESEARCH ON PHYSIOLOGY, MIGRATORY RESTLESSNESS AND DIRECTIONAL PREFERENCES -- BREEDING PROGRAMMES -- MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- PART ONE: THE MIGRATORY PROCESS -- Chapter 3 Migratory flight -- BODY WEIGHT, SPEED AND FLIGHT MODE -- FLAPPING AND SOARING FLIGHT -- THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY HEIGHT -- CONCLUSIONS ON THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE IN BIRD MIGRATION -- THE NEED FOR REST -- MIGRATION BY WALKING OR SWIMMING -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 4 Weather effects and other aspects -- MIGRATION AND WEATHER -- ALTITUDE OF MIGRATION -- DIURNAL AND NOCTURNAL FLIGHT -- SOCIAL FACTORS -- REVERSE MIGRATION -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 5 Fuelling the flights -- ENERGY NEEDS AND BODY COMPOSITION -- MIGRATION MODE -- MECHANISMS OF FUEL DEPOSITION -- DAILY RATES OF WEIGHT GAIN -- EXAMPLES OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION -- FAT CHICKS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX 5.1 CALCULATION OF FLIGHT RANGES -- Chapter 6 Incredible journeys -- SEA-CROSSINGS -- DESERT CROSSINGS -- HIGH MOUNTAINS -- OTHER BARRIERS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- POSTSCRIPT -- Chapter 7 Raptors and other soaring birds -- USE OF THERMALS AND OTHER UPDRAFTS -- EXTENSION OF MIGRATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOARING -- SOCIAL FACTORS -- COUNTS IN ISRAEL -- NUMBERS ENTERING AFRICA -- MIGRATION AT OTHER SITES -- ENERGY RESERVES -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 8 Speed and duration of journeys.

THEORETICAL BASIS -- EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES -- PROPORTION OF MIGRATION SPENT IN FLIGHT -- APPARENT NON-STOP SEA-CROSSINGS -- PENGUINS -- MIGRATION WITHIN THE ANNUAL CYCLE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 9 Finding the way -- COMPASS ORIENTATION AND BI-COORDINATE NAVIGATION -- CUES USED IN DIRECTION FINDING -- SOCIAL FACTORS -- LOXODROMES AND ORTHODROMES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 10 Vagrancy -- PROBABILITY OF ARRIVAL -- LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL -- EFFECT OF POPULATION SIZE -- DRIFT BY WIND -- OVERSHOOTING -- DEVIANT DIRECTIONAL TENDENCIES -- MIRROR-IMAGE MIGRATION -- REVERSED-DIRECTION MIGRATION -- NEW ROUTES AND RANGE EXPANSION -- HUMAN-ASSISTED VAGRANCY -- EVIDENCE FROM RINGING -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- PART TWO: THE TIMING AND CONTROL OF MIGRATION -- Chapter 11 Annual cycles -- VARIATIONS IN ANNUAL CYCLES -- INTERNAL TIME KEEPING -- FLEXIBLE CYCLES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 12 Control mechanisms -- OBLIGATE AND FACULTATIVE MODES -- MIGRATION TIMING, DISTANCES AND DIRECTIONS -- AUTUMN MIGRATION -- SPRING MIGRATION -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING ARRIVAL, BREEDING AND AUTUMN DEPARTURE -- DEFERRED RETURN TO BREEDING AREAS -- HORMONAL ISSUES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- PART THREE: LARGE-SCALE MOVEMENT PATTERNS -- Chapter 13 Geographical patterns -- LATITUDINAL TRENDS -- MIGRATION AND DIET -- LATITUDINAL SHIFTS -- ALTITUDINAL MIGRATION -- COMPARISONS BETWEEN HEMISPHERES -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREEDING AND WINTERING AREAS -- MIGRATION WITHIN THE SOUTHERN CONTINENTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 14 Seasonal occupation of breeding areas -- LATITUDINAL TREND IN THE TIMING OF SPRING -- RECOLONISATION PATTERNS -- RE-OCCUPATION OF LOCAL BREEDING AREAS -- POST-BREEDING RETREAT -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 15 Sex and age differences in migration.

MIGRATORY TIMING AND BREEDING ROLES -- MIGRATORY DISTANCE, BODY SIZE AND DOMINANCE -- MIGRATION AND DEFERRED BREEDING -- SPECIES SUMMERING IN 'WINTERING' AREAS -- LOCAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS -- OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX AND AGE GROUPS -- GENETIC CONTROL OF SEX AND AGE DIFFERENCES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 16 Variations on a migratory theme -- MOULT MIGRATIONS -- MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE BREEDING SEASON -- MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE NON-BREEDING SEASON -- NOMADISM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 17 Site-fidelity and dispersal -- NATAL DISPERSAL -- BREEDING DISPERSAL -- LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSERS -- NON-BREEDING DISPERSAL -- FIDELITY TO STOPOVER SITES -- POST-FLEDGING DISPERSAL -- DISPERSIVE MIGRATION -- SITE ATTACHMENT -- OTHER ASPECTS OF DISPERSAL -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 18 Irruptive migrations: boreal seed-eaters -- SEED CROPS -- THE IRRUPTIVE SEED-EATERS AND FRUIT-EATERS -- TWICE-YEARLY MIGRANTS -- ONCE-YEARLY MIGRANTS -- OVERVIEW OF SEED-EATERS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 19 Irruptive migrations: owls, raptors and waterfowl -- OWLS AND OTHER PREDATORS -- WATERFOWL AND OTHERS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- PART FOUR: EVOLUTION OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS -- Chapter 20 Evolutionary aspects -- ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION -- ADAPTIVE TIMING -- PARTIAL MIGRATION -- THE GENETICAL CONTROL OF MIGRATION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX 20.1 PITFALLS IN MEASURES OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MIGRATION -- Chapter 21 Recent changes in bird migrations -- MIGRATORY TO SEDENTARY -- SEDENTARY TO MIGRATORY -- SHORTENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES -- LENGTHENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES -- CHANGES IN MIGRATORY DIRECTIONS -- MIGRATION TIMING -- BREEDING IN WINTERING RANGE -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 22 Biogeographical legacies -- INDIRECT ROUTES TO DISTANT WINTERING AREAS -- EVOLUTION OF BARRIER CROSSING.

LOOP MIGRATIONS -- MIGRATORY DIVIDES -- MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS HIGHER OR LOWER LATITUDES -- DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRATION PATTERNS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 23 Distribution patterns -- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES -- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES -- EVOLUTION OF ALLOHEIMY -- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTIONS IN AGE AND SEX GROUPS OF THE SAME POPULATION -- ALTERNATIVE MODELS: TIME AND ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS -- SUMMARY -- PART FIVE: MIGRATION SYSTEMS AND POPULATION LIMITATION -- Chapter 24 The Palaearctic-Afrotropical migration system -- THE BIRDS INVOLVED -- THE AFRICAN WINTERING AREAS -- MOVEMENTS WITHIN AFRICA -- ECOLOGY OF MIGRANTS IN AFRICA -- EFFECTS OF DROUGHTS ON MIGRANT NUMBERS -- OTHER POSSIBLE FACTORS IN POPULATION DECLINES -- THE ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN MIGRATION SYSTEM -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 25 The Nearctic-Neotropical migration system -- THE BIRDS AND THEIR WINTERING AREAS -- POPULATION DECLINES IN MIGRANTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 26 Population limitation - breeding and wintering areas -- SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- EXAMPLES OF SPECIES AFFECTED BY EVENTS IN BREEDING OR WINTERING AREAS -- CAUSES OF POPULATION DECLINES -- OTHER ASPECTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 27 Population limitation - conditions on stopover -- CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- FOOD LIMITATION AT STOPOVER SITES -- BODY CONDITION AND SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE -- INFLUENCE OF PREDATION, DISTURBANCE AND PARASITISM -- EFFECTS OF STOPOVER EVENTS ON POPULATIONS -- RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION-RELATED MORTALITY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX 27.1 -- Chapter 28 Mass mortality of migrants -- WEATHER AND IN-FLIGHT MORTALITY -- UNSEASONABLE COLD SOON AFTER ARRIVAL IN BREEDING AREAS -- UNSEASONABLE COLD BEFORE DEPARTURE FROM BREEDING AREAS -- HUMAN-INDUCED LOSSES.

DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.