Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Part-I : Polarography -- Chapter 1. Polarography -- 1.1 Introduction and Basic Principles -- 1.2 Polarographs and their Applications -- 1.3 The Polarographic Cells and the Experimental Set Up -- 1.4 The Half-Wave Potential and its Significance -- 1.4.1 Significance of Half-wave Potentials -- 1.4.2 Influence of Ionic Strength on Half-wave Potentials -- 1.4.3 Factors which Affect the Half-wave Potentials -- References -- Chapter 2. The Electrodes -- 2.1 Mercury Electrodes -- 2.1.1 Dropping Mercury Electrode -- 2.1.2 Flow of Mercury from Capillaries -- 2.1.3 Advantages of DME -- 2.1.4 Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode -- 2.2 Carbon Electrodes -- 2.2.1 Carbon Paste Electrodes -- 2.2.2 Glassy Carbon Electrode -- 2.3 Polarographic Cells and Saturated Calomel Electrode -- 2.4 Mercury Pool Electrode -- References -- Chapter 3. The Technique -- 3.1 Polarographic Circuit -- 3.2 The Significance of Diffusion in Classical Polarography -- 3.3 Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes -- 3.3.1 Recommended Solvents and Electrolytes -- 3.4 Polarographic Maxima -- 3.4.1 Maxima of the First Kind -- 3.4.2 Suppression of Maxima of the First Kind -- 3.4.3 Polarity of Maxima of the First Kind -- 3.4.4 Streaming of Electrolyte and Maxima of the First Kind -- 3.4.5 Maxima of the Second Kind -- 3.4.6 Suppression of Maxima of the Second Kind -- 3.4.7 Streaming of Electrolyte with Maxima of theSecond Kind -- 3.4.8 Interpretation of Maxima of the Second Kind -- 3.4.9 Practical Applications of Polarographic Maxima -- 3.5 Polarography in Non-Aqueous Solvents -- 3.5.1 Solvents that are Frequently Used -- References -- Chapter 4. Theory of Current Potential Curves -- 4.1 The Ilkovic Equation -- 4.1.1 Consequences of Ilkovic Equation -- 4.2 Reversible and Irreversible Electrode Processes -- 4.3 Reversible Polarographic Wave -- 4.3.1 Cathodic Wave.

4.3.2 Anodic Wave -- 4.3.3 Cathodic-Anodic Waves -- References -- Chapter 5. Types of Currents -- 5.1 Mass Transfer and Electrochemical Processes -- 5.2 Diffusion Current -- 5.2.1 Diffusion to Stationary Electrodes -- 5.2.2 Diffusion-Controlled Current -- 5.2.3 Linear Diffusion to a Growing Dropping Electrode -- 5.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient -- 5.2.5 Spherical Diffusion -- 5.3 Influence of Viscosity and of Complex Formation On Diffusion Current -- 5.4 Factors Affecting the Diffusion Current -- 5.4.1 The Limiting Current -- 5.4.2 The Residual Current -- 5.4.3 Migration Current -- 5.4.5 Catalytic Currents -- 5.5 Adsorption Waves -- References -- Chapter 6. Polarization -- 6.1 Polarization of the Dropping Mercury Electrode and Depolarization Processes -- 6.2 Reduction of Hydrogen Ions and Hydrogen Over Voltage -- 6.3 Double Layer -- 6.4 Reduction of Cations -- References -- Chapter 7. Amperometric Titrations -- 7.1 Types of Amperometric Titrations -- 7.1.1 Theory of Amperometric Titration Curves -- 7.2 Kinds of Amperometric Titrations -- 7.2.1 Redox Titrations -- 7.2.2 Complexometric and Chelometric Titrations -- 7.2.3 Compensation and Diffusion-Layer Titrations -- 7.3 Amperometric Titrations with two Polarized Electrodes -- 7.4 Apparatus and Techniques -- 7.4.1 The Working Electrode : ReferenceElectrode -- 7.5 Two working Electrodes -- 7.6 Chronoamperometry -- References -- Chapter 8. Polarography of Metal Complexes -- 8.1 Reversible, Diffusion-Controlled Systems Determination of Formulae and Stability Constants of Complexed Metalions -- 8.2 Determination of Stability Constants and Coordination numbers of Metal Complexes -- 8.2.1 Calculation of Individual Complex Stability Constants -- 8.3 Mixed Ligand Systems-The Method Of Schaap and McMasters -- References -- Chapter 9. Polarography of Organic Compounds -- 9.1 Structural Effects.

9.2 Nature of Electroactive Group -- 9.3 Steric Effects -- 9.4 Substituent Effects -- References -- Part-II : Allied Techniques -- Chapter 10. Miscellaneous Polarographic Methods : Principles, Theory Techniques and Analytical Applications -- 10.1 Square Wave Polarogarphy -- 10.2 Alternating Current Polarography -- 10.2.1 The Technique and Instrumentation -- 10.3. Coulometry -- 10.3.1 Coulometry with Large Area Mercury Electrodes -- 10.3.2 Coulometry with a Dropping Mercury Electrode -- 10.3.3 Determination of n by Analysis of the Decrease in Limiting Current -- 10.3.4 Determination of n by Electrolysisat Constant-Current -- 10.4 Coulometry in Polarographic Analysis -- 10.5 Controlled-Potential Electrolysis -- 10.6 Chronopotentiometry -- 10.7 Theory of Reversible Processes -- 10.7.1 Irreversible Processes -- 10.8 Experimental Methods -- 10.8.1 Apparatus -- 10.8.2 Cells and Electrodes -- 10.9 The Techniques -- 10.9.1 Measurement of Transition Times -- 10.10 Applications -- 10.10.1 Concentration Measurements -- 10.10.2 Electrode Kinetics -- 10.10.3 Electrode Pretreatment -- 10.10.4 Differential and A.C. Chronopotentiometry -- 10.10.5 Thin-Layer Chronopotentiometry -- 10.10.6 Chemical Kinetics -- 10.11 Adsorption -- 10.12 Applications -- References -- Chapter 11. Advances in D.C. Polarography -- 11.1 Developments In D.C. Polarography -- 11.1.1 Principle of Potentiostatic (Controlled-Potential) Electrolysis -- 11.2 Time-Derivative D.C. Polarography -- 11.2.1 Direct Proportionality of First Derivative Peak Heights to Id -- 11.2.2 Relative Signal Levels in Regular and in First, Second, and Third Derivative D.C. Polarography -- 11.2.3 Criterion for Relative Resolving Power of Various Methods of Polarography -- 11.2.4 Geometrical Overlapping for Successive Waves -- 11.2.5 Mathematical Resolution of Overlapped First Derivative d.c. Polarograms.

11.2.6 Mathematical Resolution of Regular Polarography Compared to First Derivative d.c. Polarography -- 11.2.7 D.C. Polarography in Non-aqueous Solvents and Particularly in Solvent Extracts -- 11.3 Theory, Principles and Applications -- 11.3.1 Single Sweep Methods -- 11.3.2 Electrolytic Current -- 11.3.3 Kinetic Currents -- 11.3.4 Types and Forms of Voltage Sweeps -- 11.4 Multi-Sweep Methods -- 11.5 Apparatus for Applied Voltage Oscillographic Polarography -- 11.6 Controlled Current Oscillographic Polarography -- 11.7 Pulse Polarography -- 11.8 Stripping Analysis -- References -- Chapter 12. Voltammetric Methods -- 12.1 Voltammetry -- 12.1.1 Coulometric Methods -- 12.1.2 Voltammetric Methods -- 12.2 Large-Amplitude Pulse Voltammetry (LAPV) -- 12.3 Differential and Derivative Voltammetry -- References -- Chapter 13. Controlled Potential Electrolysis -- 13.1 13.1 Electro-Organic Synthesis and the Technique -- 13.1.1 Pure Electron Transfer -- 13.1.2 Conversion of Functional Groups -- 13.1.3 Substitution Reactions -- 13.1.4 Addition Reactions -- 13.1.5 Elimination Reactions -- 13.1.6 Coupling Reactions -- 13.1.7 Cyclization (Intramolecular and Intermolecular) -- 13.2 Electrochemical Activity in Heterocyclic Systems -- 13.2.1 Ring Closure Reactions -- 13.3 Experimental Technique -- 13.4 Circuit for Potentiostatic Method -- 13.4.1 Polarization Study -- 13.5 Current Efficiency -- References -- Chapter 14. Corrosion -- Part A : Principles and Control -- 14.1 Corrosion and Control -- 14.1.1 Ion Selective Electrodes -- 14.1.2 Operational Amplifiers -- 14.1.3 Potentiostat -- 14.1.4 Galvanostat -- 14.1.5 Polarography -- 14.1.6 Pulse Plating Sources -- 14.1.7 Micro Processor Based Instrumentation -- 14.1.8 Damage and Control -- 14.1.9 Sources of Hydrogen and Modes of Entry -- 14.1.10 Mechanism of Corrosion of H2S CO2 -- 14.2 Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Corrosion.

References -- Chapter 15. Conversion and Storage of Electrochemical Energy -- Section A -- 15.1 Present Status of Energy Consumption: -- 15.2 Status of Energy Consumption -- 15.3 Direct Energy Conversion by Electrochemical Means -- 15.4 Direct Energy Conversion by Electrochemical Means -- 15.5 The Maximum Intrinsic Efficiency of an Electrochemical Converter -- 15.6 The Actual Efficiency of an Electrochemical Energy Converter -- 15.7 Physical Interpretation of the Absence of the Carnot Efficiency Factor in Electrochemical Energy Converters -- 15.8 The Power Output of an Electrochemical Energy Converter -- Section B -- Electrochemical Generators (Fuel Cells) -- Cells using fuels other than Hydrogen -- The Hydrogen-Oxygen Cell -- Hydrogen Air cells -- Chapter 16. Electrochemical Energy Storage: The Important Quantities in Electricity Storage -- 16.1 Electricity Storage Density -- 16.2 Energy Density -- Power -- Electricity Storage -- Classical Batteries -- Zinc Manganese Dioxide -- Relatively New Electricity Stores Silver Zinc Cell -- Storers with Zinc in Combination with an Air Electrode -- Storage by Using Alkali Metals -- Storers involving Non-aqueous Solutions -- Chapter 17. Kinetics of Electrode Process -- Introduction -- 17.2 Butler - Volmer Model of Electrode Kinetics R -- Effects of Potential on Energy Barriers -- 17.3 Implications of the Butler-Volmer Model for the One Step, One Electron Process -- 17.4 The Current Overpotential Equation -- 17.5 The Standard Rate Constant -- 17.6 The Transfer Coefficient -- 17.7 Approximate Forms of the i-n Equation -- (a) No Mass-Transfer Effects -- (b) Linear characteristic at small h -- (c) Tafel Behaviour at Large h -- (d) Tafel Plots -- Exchange Current Plots (Tafel Plots) -- 17.8 Effects of Mass Transfer -- References -- Chapter 18. Bioelectrodics -- Introduction -- Useful Preliminaries.

Membrane Potentials.