Cover -- Half-title -- Series Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I. Why humanitarian occupation? -- II. Legal Justifications -- IV. A Collective innovation -- Section I Historical antecedents -- 1 The historical origins of humanitarian occupation I: governance in service of outsiders -- I. Origins in the nineteenth century -- II. Territories administered as a result of the 1919 settlement -- III. League of Nations mandates -- A. Fashioning international authority -- B. The mandatories' governance obligations -- C. The locus of sovereignty debate -- IV. United Nations trusteeship territories -- V. Conclusions -- 2 Historical origins of humanitarian occupation II: internationalized territory in service of insiders -- I. The rise of post-conflict reconstruction -- II. Common tasks and objectives -- A. Territorial integrity -- B. Democratic politics -- C. Human rights -- III. Centrality of consent -- A. The role of consent in post-conflict missions -- B. Actual consent -- C. Constructed consent -- IV. Conclusions -- 3 Full international governance -- I. The Bosnia mission -- A. Following the territorial imperative -- B. Creating consent -- C. The Dayton model of statehood -- II. The Kosovo operation -- A. The genesis of the conflict and early international involvement -- B. Escalating international involvement -- C. The Rambouillet conference -- D. War and peace -- E. The Interim international administration -- F. Final status negotiations -- G. Observations -- III. The East Timor mission -- A. From voting to violence -- B. Pressure to internationalize -- C. The UNTAET mandate -- D. United Nations statehood? -- IV. The Eastern Slavonia mission -- V. Conclusions -- Section II Why humanitarian occupation? -- 4 Rejected models of statehood -- I. Introducing the policy options.

II. Legal constraints on exclusionary nationalism -- A. No legal support for homogeneity achieved through murder, subordination or forcible conversion -- B. No legal support for secession or partition -- 1. The argument for separation -- 2. The rejection in practice -- 3. Procedural limitations and transaction costs -- 4. Negotiated partition -- C. No legal support for mass population movements -- III. Conclusion: what remains? the politics of inclusion -- 5 Constructing the liberal state -- I. The stubborn persistence of a state-centered order -- A. The empirical claim -- B. The normative claim -- II. Norms of governance -- A. The mainstreaming of democracy promotion -- B. Procedural versus substantive democracy -- III. Elections -- IV. Human rights -- V. Conclusions -- Section III Legal justifications -- 6 Conventional legal justications -- I. First legal framework: consent to humanitarian occupation -- A. The coercion problem -- B. The prohibition on coerced treaties -- C. The humanitarian occupation agreements -- D. Potential complications -- 1. The Nature of the coercion -- 2. The nature of the agreement -- 3. Justifiable force? -- E. Conclusion -- II. Second legal framework: Security Council fiat -- A. Limits on Council authority within the Charter -- B. Limits on Council authority outside the Charter: jus cogens -- 1. The self-determination claim -- 2. Difficulties with jus cogens limitations -- 3. An alternative methodology: implied consent -- III. Conclusion -- 7 The international law of occupation -- I. Applicability of occupation law to multilateral humanitarian occupations -- A. UN ratification of humanitarian law treaties -- B. The UN and the customary law of occupation -- C. The nature of UN customary law obligations -- II. Is humanitarian occupation fundamentally inconsistent with occupation law?.

A. The prohibition against altering legal and political institutions in the occupied territory: the conservationist principle -- B. Limited exceptions to the conservationist principle -- 1. Military necessity -- 2. Obligations imposed by the Fourth Geneva Convention -- C. Broader challenges to the conservationist principle -- 1. A reformist reading of occupation law -- 2. Is the conservationist principle an anachronism? -- III. Two transformative occupations: challenging the conservationist principle -- A. The occupation of Germany -- B. The Iraq occupation -- 1. Social engineering in Iraq -- 2. Did the Security Council endorse a "transformative occupation"? -- 3. Resolution 1483 as precedent -- IV. Conclusions -- 8 Reforming the law: the Security Council as legislator -- I. Transcending state-centric norms -- A. Normative origins -- B. The reciprocal nature of state-centric norms -- C. State-centric norms and a collective agenda -- D. Lack of adjudicatory mechanisms -- II. Security Council legislation -- A. A distinct competence -- B. Council legislation in practice -- C. Legitimating legislative acts -- 1. Subjective element: norms and state interests -- 2. Objective element: supportive practice -- III. Conclusions -- Conclusions -- Index -- Cambridge studies in international and comparative law.