COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- DEDICATION -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS -- INTRODUCTION -- Notes -- 1 TOWARDS A WORKABLE DEFINITION OF INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS -- 1. Establishment of an armed conflict -- 1.1 Definition of armed conflicts in international treaties -- 1.2 Definition of armed conflicts in international case law -- 2. International and internal armed conflicts -- 2.1 Recognition of belligerency -- 2.2 Wars of self-determination -- 2.3 Foreign intervention in internal armed conflicts -- 2.4 UN intervention in internal armed conflicts -- Notes -- 2 THE LAWS OF WAR APPLICABLE IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS -- 1. The laws of war applicable in internal armed conflicts before 1949 -- 1.1 The laws of war and internal armed conflicts prior to the twentieth century -- 1.2 The laws of war and internal armed conflicts at the beginning of the twentieth century -- 2. Treaty law applicable in internal armed conflicts after 1949 -- 2.1 Adoption and content of common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions -- 2.2 Adoption and content of Additional Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions -- 2.3 Other relevant treaties -- 3. Customary laws of war applicable in internal armed conflicts in the twenty-first century -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II as customary international law -- 3.3 Customary international law and the particularities of the laws of armed conflicts -- 3.4 The protection of civilians from the effects of hostilities -- 3.4.1 Practice of belligerents during internal armed conflicts -- 3.4.2 Practice of third states and international organisations -- 3.5 The means of warfare prohibited in internal armed conflicts -- 3.5.1 Practice of belligerents during internal armed conflicts -- 3.5.2 Practice of third states and international organisations.

4. Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 THE REGIME OF WAR CRIMES -- 1. The customary right to try belligerents for violations of the laws of war: brief historical survey -- 2. The current regime of war crimes committed in international armed conflicts -- 3. The extension of the concept of war crimes to internal armed conflicts: some conceptual issues -- 3.1 Nexus between the crime and the armed conflict -- 3.1.1 The nexus in the case law of the ad hoc tribunals -- 3.1.2 The nexus in the statute of the International Criminal Court -- 3.2 Potential perpetrators of war crimes -- 3.3 Categories of victims of war crimes -- 3.4 How can rebel forces be bound by the laws of war in internal armed conflicts? -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR WAR CRIMES COMMITTED IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS -- 1. International treaties and the principle of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts -- 1.1 The statutes of the two ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals -- 1.1.1 The statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia -- 1.1.2 The statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- 1.2 The statute of the International Criminal Court -- 1.3 The statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone -- 1.4 Other treaties -- 2. Customary international law and the principle of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes in internal armed conflicts -- 2.1 Practice of states -- 2.1.1 National legislation, criminal codes and military manuals -- 2.1.2 Declaration of states -- 2.1.3 The adoption of multilateral treaties as evidence of state practice -- 2.2 Practice of international organisations -- 2.2.1 UN Security Council resolutions -- 2.2.2 UN General Assembly resolutions and Secretary-General reports -- 2.2.3 The practice of the European Union -- 2.3 Conclusion.

3. Tentative list of war crimes in internal armed conflicts -- Notes -- 5 NATIONAL PROSECUTIONS OF WAR CRIMINALS AND INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS -- 1. Universal jurisdiction and war crimes in international law -- 1.1 Universal jurisdiction over war crimes in international armed conflicts: historical background and contemporary applications -- 1.2 Title of jurisdiction provided in international treaties for war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts -- 2. War crimes committed in internal armed conflicts and the principle of universal jurisdiction under customary law -- 2.1 Practice of statesnational legislation and criminal codes -- 2.1.1 National legislation implementing the 1949 Geneva Convention and Additional Protocols as well as domestic criminal codes -- 2.1.2 National legislation implementing the Rome statute for an International Criminal Court -- 2.2 Practice of international organisations and judicial institutions -- 2.2.1 The UN Security Council -- 2.2.2 The ICJ and the DRC v. Belgium case -- 2.2.3 The Lomé Accord Amnesty decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone -- 2.3 The exercise by domestic courts of universal jurisdiction over war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts -- 2.3.1 Austria -- 2.3.2 Belgium -- 2.3.3 Denmark -- 2.3.4 France -- 2.3.5 Germany -- 2.3.6 The Netherlands -- 2.3.7 Switzerland -- 2.4 Conclusion -- 3. Prosecutions of war criminals by the domestic courts of war-torn countries -- 3.1 Bosnia-Herzegovina -- 3.2 Cambodia -- 3.3 Croatia -- 3.4 East Timor -- 3.5 Ethiopia -- 3.6 Indonesia -- 3.7 Iraq -- 3.8 Kosovo -- 3.9 Russia -- 4. Conclusiondomestic v. foreign prosecutions -- Notes -- 6 INTERNATIONAL PROSECUTIONS OF WAR CRIMINALS AND INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS -- 1. The ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals as a means of enforcing individual responsibility for war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts.

1.1 The contributions of the International Criminal Tribunals in the enforcement of individual responsibility for war crimes -- 1.1.1 The definition of internal armed conflict in the case law of the Tribunals -- 1.1.2 The constitutive elements of war crimes in internal armed conflicts -- 1.1.3 List of war crimes in internal armed conflicts -- 1.1.4 Prosecuting war crimes -- 1.2 The limitations of the International Criminal Tribunals in the enforcement of individual responsibility for war crimes in internal armed conflicts -- 1.2.1 The case law of the Tribunals: constructive interpretation or faithful determination of the content of customary international law? -- 1.2.2 Issues of co-operation -- 1.2.3 The legacy of the international tribunals: failings and achievements -- 2. The International Criminal Court as a means of enforcing individual criminal responsibility for war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts -- 2.1 The jurisdiction ratione materiae of the International Criminal Court -- 2.2 The establishment of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court -- 2.2.1 Preconditions for the exercise of the ICC jurisdiction -- 2.2.2 The exercise of jurisdiction by the court -- 2.2.3 Issues of admissibility: the principle of complementarity -- 2.3 Co-operation between national courts and the International Criminal Court -- 2.3.1 The forms of co-operation between the states and the ICC -- 2.3.2 Consequences of failure to co-operate with the court -- 2.3.3 Limits on the obligation to co-operate -- 2.4 Conclusion and assessment of the first four years of the life of the International Criminal Court -- Notes -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Notes -- SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.