GNSS Receivers for Weak Signals -- Contents v -- Preface xi -- 1 Overview of GNSS Principles and Weak-Signal Processing and Techniques 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 GPS Components 2 -- 1.3 Principles of User Position, Velocity, and Time Determination 3 -- 1.4 GPS Signal Structure 5 -- 1.5 GPS Navigation Message Structure 6 -- 1.6 Precorrelation Signal Processing 7 -- 1.7 Overview of Acquisition Techniques 8 -- 1.8 Overview of Bit Synchronization and Data-Estimation Techniques 13 -- 1.9 Overview of Satellite Signal Tracking 16 -- 1.10 Navigation Message Decoding 23 -- 1.11 GPS Modernization and Galileo Global Navigation Satellite System 24 -- 1.12 Weak-Signal Applications 28 -- 1.13 Overview of Some Technical Concepts 30 -- 1.14 GNSS Positioning UsingWeak Signals 35 -- References 37 -- 2 Signal Models 43 -- 2.1 Introduction 43 -- 2.2 Received Signals 43 -- 2.3 Doppler Effect on the Code Rate 44 -- 2.4 Local Signals 46 -- 2.5 Signal Model for Acquisition 46 -- 2.6 Signal Model for Fine Acquisition 47 -- 2.7 Signal Model for Tracking 49 -- 2.8 Clock Noise 51 -- References 52 -- 3 Signal Acquisition 53 -- 3.1 Introduction 53 -- 3.2 Algorithm 1: Circular Correlation with Multiple Data Bits 54 -- 3.3 Algorithm 2: Modified Double Block Zero Padding 67 -- 3.4 Signal Detection in the Presence of Strong Interfering Signals 76 -- 3.5 High Dynamic Acquisition 78 -- 3.6 Probabilities of Detection and False Alarm 82 -- 3.7 Simulation and Results 99 -- 3.8 Summary and Conclusions 112 -- References 113 -- 4 Fine Acquisition, Bit Synchronization, and Data Detection 115 -- 4.1 Introduction 115 -- 4.2 Signal Model 116 -- 4.3 Acquisition, Fine Acquisition, and Bit Synchronization Modules Relationship 117 -- 4.4 Bit Synchronization and Data Bit Detection Algorithm 118 -- 4.5 Extended States VA for Fine Acquisition 123 -- 4.6 High Dynamic Fine Acquisition 126.

4.7 Bit Synchronization and Navigation Message Detection in the Presence of Carrier-Tracking Errors 129 -- 4.8 Use of the Repeated Subframes 136 -- 4.9 Computational Analysis and Reduction 138 -- 4.10 Simulation and Results 140 -- 4.11 Summary and Conclusions 150 -- References 152 -- 5 Code and Carrier Tracking and Navigation Message Decoding 155 -- 5.1 Introduction 155 -- 5.2 Tracking Module Interaction 156 -- 5.3 Code Tracking 157 -- 5.4 Carrier Tracking 171 -- 5.5 Navigation Message Decoding 176 -- 5.6 Maximizing the Time to Lose Lock 182 -- 5.7 Handling of Random Sudden Changes in the Doppler Shift or the Doppler Rate 188 -- 5.8 Computational Requirements 188 -- 5.9 Simulation and Results 190 -- 5.10 Summary and Conclusions 201 -- References 202 -- 6 Summary and Conclusions 203 -- 6.1 Introduction 203 -- 6.2 Summary of the Algorithms 203 -- 6.3 Summary of the Acquisition Algorithms and Their Performance 205 -- 6.4 Summary of the Fine Acquisition and Tracking Algorithms and Their Performance 210 -- 6.5 New Civil L2C and L5 GPS Signals 216 -- References 217 -- Acronyms 219 -- Symbols 223 -- About the Author 227 -- Index 229.