Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications -- Contents v -- Preface xi -- Chapter 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Fundamentals and Terms -- 1.2 Applications -- 1.3 Overview of Distance Measurement and Location Methods -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2 Basic Principles and Applications 13 -- 2.1 Signal Parameters -- 2.2 Basics of Location -- 2.3 Navigation Systems -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Spread Spectrum 53 -- 3.1 Principles of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum -- 3.2 Acquisition -- 3.3 Tracking -- 3.4 Measurement of Elapsed Time -- 3.5 Propagation Time Resolution -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Time Transfer 95 -- 4.1 Time Transfer Basics -- 4.2 Calibration Constants -- 4.3 Range Uncertainty -- 4.4 Ranging Procedure in Wireless Network -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Multicarrier Phase Measurement 107 -- 5.1 Principle of Multicarrier Phase Measurement -- 5.2 Phase Slope Method -- 5.3 Phase Error Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 5.4 Estimation of Distance Variance Versus SNR -- 5.5 Multipath -- 5.6 System Implementation -- 5.7 OFDM -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Received Signal Strength 139 -- 6.1 Advantages and Problems in RSS Location -- 6.2 Propagation Laws -- 6.3 RSS Location Methods -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival 161 -- 7.1 TOA Location Method -- 7.2 TDOA -- 7.3 Performance Impairment -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Angle of Arrival 189 -- 8.1 Triangulation -- 8.2 Antenna Performance Terms and Definitions 191 -- 8.3 Finding Direction from Antenna Patterns -- 8.4 Direction-Finding Methods -- 8.5 Electronically Steerable Beam Antennas -- 8.6 ESPAR Antenna Array -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Cellular Networks 223 -- 9.1 Cellular Location-Based Services.

9.2 Cellular Network Fundamentals -- 9.3 Categories of Location Systems -- 9.4 GPS Solution -- 9.5 Cell-ID -- 9.6 Location Technologies Using TDOA -- 9.7 Angle of Arrival -- 9.8 Received Signal Strength and Pattern Recognition -- 9.9 Problems and Solutions in Cellular Network Positioning -- 9.10 Handset-Based Versus Network-Based Systems -- 9.11 Accuracy Factors -- 9.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Short-Range Wireless Networks and RFID -- 10.1 WLAN/WiFi -- 10.2 WPAN -- 10.3 RFID -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Ultra-wideband (UWB) -- 11.1 Telecommunication Authority Regulations -- 11.2 UWB Implementation -- 11.3 IEEE 802.15.4a -- 11.4 Dealing with Multipath and Nonline of Sight -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography 289 -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 293 -- About the Author 297.