Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- Introduction -- Structure -- Function -- Change -- Interpretation -- A working entity -- Riverscape elements -- Catchments and their diversity -- Natural capital -- Intangible values of riverscapes -- Values -- 2 The natural river and its destruction -- The concept of naturalness -- Human impact -- River vegetation -- River animals -- Connections and mosaics -- Skewing and loss of vegetation from human impact -- Restoration and rehabilitation -- 3 The natural riverscape and its modification -- Introduction -- The layers of the riverscape -- History -- Case studies -- 1 Waccasassa River, Florida, USA (Fig. 3.1) -- 2 R. Cam, Cambridgeshire, England (Fig. 3.2) -- 3 River Kbir, Malta (Fig. 3.3) -- 4 R. Golo, Corsica (Fig. 3.4) -- 5 R. Don (Aberdeen) Scotland (Fig. 3.5) -- 6 R. San Gorg, Malta -- Discussion -- 4 Resources I. Water resources and their loss their loss -- Introduction -- The European Union Water Framework Directive -- The functioning river and riverscape -- The example of Malta -- Loss in temperate Europe -- Discussion -- 5 Development and variation of rivers -- Upstream--downstream -- Sensitivity -- The dimension of time -- Downstream variation in vegetation -- Typical patterns -- Diagnosis -- Reasoning -- Cover- Diversity number -- Habitat variations -- R. Wylye, England (vegetation) -- Long-term changes -- R. Itchen, England (invertebrates) -- Brief case studies -- Connectivity and mosaics -- 6 Development and variation of riverscapes -- Introduction -- Sense of place -- Patterns (Figs. 6.2, 6.3) -- Riverscape construction (Tables 6.1 and 6.2) -- Recent floods -- Discussion -- 7 Building blocks of river vegetation -- River architecture -- Examining architecture.

The building blocks and their habitats (Table 7.1) -- Europe and North America (Tables 7.4, 7.5) -- Tall monocots -- Fringing herbs -- Wide-leaved short herbs -- Rushes and horsetails -- Short grassy vegetation -- Tall herbs -- Where was vegetation? -- Animals and structure -- Water-supported vegetation -- Strap- leaved species -- Free-floating -- Rooted floating -- Oval-tailed fine- leaved -- Oval-tailed wide-leaved -- Small-leaved fillers -- Mosses -- Miscellaneous -- Conclusions -- 8 Building blocks of flood plain vegetation -- Introduction -- The building blocks (Table 8.1) -- The substrate -- The open waters -- Vegetation of the open water -- The block of the land regularly flooded from the river -- Vegetation and habitat types, impacted or planted -- Traditional vegetation types -- Floodplain wetlands -- Rain-dependent -- (a) Bogs -- (b) Source marshes -- Run-off dependent marshes -- Groundwater dependent wetlands -- Building blocks of river plain vegetation (Table 8.2) -- Community number 53 Reed and sedge swamps, water fringe vegetation -- Community number 53.2 Sedge swamp -- Community number 54 Fens, transition mires and springs -- Community number 37 Humid (damp) grassland and tall herb communities -- Community number 44 Alluvial and very wet forest and carr (brush) -- 51 raised bogs -- Case studies (Fig. 8.2) -- R. Eger, Hungary -- R. Lark, England (Fig. 8.3) -- R. Halladale, N. Scotland (Fig. 8.4) -- R. Ghasel, Malta (Fig. 8.5) -- Discussion -- 9 Resources II. Plants and animals, cleaning and minerals -- Introduction -- Resources of rivers and other fresh waters -- Fisheries -- Birds -- Mammals -- Other animals -- Wetlands (Table 9.3) -- Plants -- River banks -- Peat -- Animals -- Minerals -- The further riverscape -- Purification, the cleaning of pollution -- Materials -- Recreation -- 10 Building blocks of the riverscape -- Introduction.

Case study: Malta -- Riverscape description -- Building blocks which drive riverscape development -- The effect of land use changes -- Trees -- Building blocks for individual species -- Bats -- Otters -- Building blocks for urban dwellers -- Near the house -- Away from the house -- Bitterns -- Batrachian Ranunculus -- Buffer strips and beetle banks -- Historical examples -- Lincoln -- Vale of Evesham -- Discussion -- 11 Patterns, boundaries and fragmentation -- Introduction -- Scale -- Mosaics -- Community size and fragmentation -- Fragments -- Communication -- Fragmentation and destruction of habitat: case study, Malta -- Cultural fragmentation -- Change over two decades: Gozo, Maltese Islands -- Pattern in relation to habitat, Icklingham Poors' Fen, Suffolk -- The Scottish Cairngorms, change over millennia -- Dartmoor, England, over millennia -- Sensitivity and resistance -- Discussion -- 12 Resources III. Settlements and constructions -- Settlements -- Different types of riverscape -- Self-sufficient production -- Exporting produce -- Communications -- Industrial riverscape -- Conclusions -- Sacred riverscapes -- Invaded riverscapes -- Diversions -- Water supply -- Crossing the river -- 13 The harsh riverscape -- Introduction -- Case studies -- Sweden (Fig 13.1) -- A river in southern Spain (Fig. 13.2) -- The north- west Scottish Highlands (Fig. 13.3) -- Alps (Fig. 13.4) -- Iceland (Fig. 2.1) -- North Norway (Fig. 13.5) -- Corsica (Fig 13.6) -- Madeira (Fig. 13.7) -- The tarn landscape of the English Lake District -- Wetlands (Fig. 13.8) -- Fought- over riverscapes (Fig. 10.2) -- Summary -- 14 The tempered or smiling riverscape -- Introduction -- River trade -- River Thames (Fig. 14.1) -- The River's Tale -- The Reeds of Runnymede -- R. Tapio (Fig. 14.3) -- Old edge of Cambridge, R. Cam (Fig. 14.4) -- Pond landscape (Fig. 14.5) -- Discussion.

15 Envoi -- The water features in the riverscape -- Description -- Bibliography -- Index to plant and animal vernacular and taxonomic names -- General subject index.