Front cover -- Mycorrhizal symbiosis -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Section 1 Arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Chapter 1 The symbionts forming arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Introduction -- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi -- The range of plants forming arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Non-mycorrhizal plants -- Fossil history of arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Fungus-plant specificity -- Ecological considerations -- Conclusions -- Chapter 2 Colonization of roots and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Introduction -- Sources of inoculum-overview -- Morphology and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3 Genetic, cellular and molecular interactions in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Introduction -- Key steps in colonization -- Cytological changes during root colonization -- Genetic approaches to understanding AM colonization - interactions of AM fungi with non-hosts and mutants -- Changes in gene transcription during AM colonization -- Effects of AM colonization on plant defence responses -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4 Growth and carbon economy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts -- Introduction -- Effects of AM colonization on plant nutrition and growth - overview -- C transfer to the fungal partner -- Cost-benefit analysis -- Variations in AM responsiveness of plants -- AM mycelial links between plants: importance in carbon allocation in a plant community -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5 Mineral nutrition, toxic element accumulation and water relations of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants -- Introduction -- Phosphorus availability in soil -- Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on plant phosphorus nutrition -- Nitrogen nutrition -- Uptake of other nutrients -- Interplant transfer of nutrients -- Water relations -- Conclusions -- Section 2 Ectomycorrhizas.

Chapter 6 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots -- Introduction -- Taxonomic, evolutionary and geographic aspects of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis -- Specificity in ectomycorrhizal symbioses -- Genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi -- The formation of ectomycorrhizas -- Molecular approaches to the study of ectomycorrhizal communities -- Succession and replacement of fungi on roots and root systems -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7 Ectendo- and arbutoid mycorrhizas -- Introduction -- Ectendomycorrhizas -- Ectendomycorrhizal fungi -- The occurrence, taxonomic status and function of dark septate (DS) fungi -- Arbutoid mycorrhizas -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8 Growth and carbon allocation of ectomycorrhizal symbionts -- Introduction -- Carbon supplies for ectomycorrhizal fungi -- Carbon distribution in intact plant-fungus systems -- Non-nutritional effects upon carbon assimilation -- Community level patterns of carbon allocation -- Conclusions -- Chapter 9 Nitrogen mobilization and nutrition in ectomycorrhizal plants -- Introduction -- Use of N by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture -- Use of N by mycorrhizal roots and intact plants -- Conclusions -- Chapter 10 Phosphorus and base cation nutrition, heavy metal accumulation and water relations of ectomycorrhizal plants -- Introduction -- Uptake of P by excised ECM and non-mycorrhizal roots -- Phosphate absorption in intact plants -- Sources and mobilization of P in soil -- Mobilization, uptake and translocation of potassium -- Release, uptake and transport of magnesium -- Mobilization, uptake and transport of calcium -- Effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on resistance to metal ion toxicity -- Effects of ECM colonization on plant water relations -- Conclusions -- Section 3 Ericoid, orchid and mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas -- Chapter 11 Ericoid mycorrhizas -- Introduction -- The colonization process.

Penetration of the plant wall -- Features of intracellular colonization -- The fungi forming ericoid mycorrhizas -- Functional aspects of ericoid mycorrhizas -- Conclusions -- Chapter 12 Mycorrhizas of green orchids -- Introduction -- The fungi forming mycorrhizas in green orchids -- Nutritional characteristics of the fungi -- Seed and protocorm development -- Mycorrhizal colonization of protocorms -- Mycorrhizas in adult orchids -- Transfer of nutrients between symbionts -- Mechanisms of transfer -- Host-fungus interactions in the protocorm - mycorrhizal or not? -- Conclusions -- Chapter 13 Mycorrhizas in achlorophyllous plants (mycoheterotrophs) -- Introduction -- Fungal associations and specificity in monotropoid mycorrhizas -- The structure of monotropoid mycorrhizas -- Fungal associations and specificity in mycoheterotrophic orchids -- Structural aspects of mycorrhiza in mycoheterotrophic orchids -- Mycoheterotrophic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizas -- Functions of mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas -- Conclusions -- Chapter 14 Fungal symbioses in lower land plants -- Introduction -- Fungal symbioses in liverworts -- The structures of liverwort-fungus symbioses -- Conclusions -- Section 4 Functioning of mycorrhizas in broader contexts -- Chapter 15 The roles of mycorrhizas in successional processes and in selected biomes -- Introduction -- The roles of mycorrhizal colonization in primary succession -- The role of mycorrhiza in secondary successions -- Mycorrhizas in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine biomes -- Mycorrhizas in heathland -- Mycorrhizas in boreal and temperate forest biomes -- Mycorrhizas in tropical and subtropical biomes -- Conclusions -- Chapter 16 Mycorrhizas in ecological interactions -- Introduction -- Roles of mycorrhizas in mediating effects at the level of single plant species -- Multitrophic interactions.

AM hyphae and soil structure -- Conclusions -- Chapter 17 Mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry -- Introduction -- Arbuscular mycorrhizas in agriculture and horticulture -- Ectomycorrhizas and forest production -- Edible mycorrhizal fungi -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Colour plates.