Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Note on Transliteration -- 1 Introduction -- PART I THEORY WITH WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES -- 2 The Need for a Microfoundational -- Ethnicity-as-conflictual Theories -- Hard Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Relative Values -- Soft Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Absolute Values -- Ultrasoft Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Constructed Values -- Ethnicity-as-epiphenomenal Theories -- Conclusion: Moving Beyond Utility Maximization as a Microlevel Theory of Ethnicity -- 3 A Relational Theory -- Uncertainty reduction as the human drive explaining ethnicity -- Identity as Points of Personal Reference -- Identity and the Fundamental Human Drive for Uncertainty Reduction -- Why Some Aspects of Identity Are More Useful for Uncertainty Reduction than Others -- The Situational Essence of Identity as an Uncertainty-Reduction Device -- Explaining Ethnicity as an Especially Useful Uncertainty-Reducing Device -- Ethnicity as Conceptually Prior to Utility Seeking and Emotional Behavior -- Functionalism and Consistency with a Theory of Human Evolution -- Beyond Uncertainty Reduction: Ethnic Politics as the Realm of "Ordinary" Interests -- Conclusion -- 4 A Theory of National Separatism in Domestic and Interstate Politics -- Theories of Separatism and their Assumptions About Ethnicity -- Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories of Separatism -- Ethnicity-as-Epiphenomenal Theories of Separatism -- Toward a Theory of Separatism Based on a Relational Approach to Ethnicity -- A Behavioral Assumption: The Maximization of Life Chances -- Collective Action Problems, Separatist Politics, and Ethnofederalism -- A Collective Action Problem as the Driving Force of Separatism -- The Basic Secession Game -- The Center's Preferences and Types of Central Governments -- The Region's Preferences.

Implications: The Sources of Separatism and Variation in It -- Ethnicity and Variation in Separatism Over Time and Space -- Ethnicity -- Central State Policies -- Framing -- Institutionally Mediated Interests -- International Relations Versus Domestic Politics -- Conclusion -- PART II CASE COMPARISONS -- 5 Ethnicity -- Life Chances and National Identification in the USSR -- Rejecting the Pure National Consciousness Explanation: Ukraine and Uzbekistan -- Ukraine in the USSR -- Uzbekistan in the USSR -- The Insufficiency of National Consciousness -- Rejecting Ethnicity-as-epiphenomenal Theories of Separatism: Russia and Belarus -- The Russian Republic (RSFSR) -- Belarus -- Conclusion -- 6 Central State Policies and Separatism -- The Unilateral Period: March 1985 May 1990 -- The Bilateral Period: June 1990 March 1991 -- The Multilateral Period: April August 1991 -- The Period Of Central Strategy Collapse: August December 1991 -- Taking Stock: Ruling Out Alternative Theories and Posing a Remaining Puzzle -- 7 Framing -- The Complexity of the Union Issue -- Gorbachev and the March 1991 Referendum -- Ukraine: From "Union" to "Independence" -- Competing Frames and the March 1991 Referenda -- Framing the Shift to Independence -- Supporting Evidence: Elections, Surveys, Insider Testimony -- Uzbekistan: Framing Unionism -- Conclusion: Explaining Frames? -- 8 Institutionally Mediated Interests -- The Relative Importance of Economic and Ethnic Concerns -- The Relationship Between Elite and Mass Material Interests in Ukraine and Uzbekistan -- Determining Economic Interests in Union and Secession -- Ukraine: The Politics of Secession in a Relatively Developed Republic -- The 1990 Election Campaign -- The Impact of the 1990 Rada Elections -- Kravchuk's Shift to a Secession-Facilitating Frame -- Uzbekistan: The Politics of Union in a Less-Developed Republic.

Gaining Autonomy -- Obtaining Subsidies -- Preserving Union Ties -- Denouement: The Coup and the Fall of 1991 -- Conclusion -- 9 Ethnicity and International Integration -- Patterns of Separatism in the Emerging CIS -- Ukraine: Ethnicity, Economics, and CIS Skepticism -- Ukrainian Elite and Mass Opinion on the CIS -- Toward a Civilized Divorce -- Ukraine and Europe -- Uzbekistan: Economics, State Building, and CIS Activism -- Uzbekistan and the Early CIS: Autonomy, Subsidies, and Economic Ties -- Uzbekistan's Shifts in 1996 and 2005 -- Conclusion -- 10 Quantitative Evidence -- Theories of Ethnicity and Patterns of Separatism -- Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theory -- Ethnicity-as-Epiphenomenal Theory -- The Relational Theory of Ethnicity and Separatism -- A Macrolevel Analysis: Forty-Five Ethnic Regions in the Late USSR -- Measuring Secessionism -- The Statistical Model and Interpretation -- Findings: Correlates of Macrolevel Secessionism -- individual attitudes to separatism: a multilevel analysis -- The Variables: Dependent and Independent -- The Statistical Model and How to Interpret It -- Findings -- Ethnicity, Interests, and Separatist Attitudes: A Microlevel Analysis -- Important Features of the Surveys -- The Dependent Variable and Statistical Model -- Findings: Correlates of Microlevel Separatism -- Conclusion -- PART III CONCLUSION -- 11 Toward a General Theory of Ethnic Conflict and Solutions -- The Balance of Evidence -- Worldwide Patterns of Separatism -- Extracting a Third Core Argument: A General Theory of Ethnic Conflict? -- Multiethnic State Failure -- The Failure or Nonoccurrence of International Integration Projects -- Deadly Violence within and between States -- Implications for Policy: Finding Solutions to Ethnic Conflict -- Index.