Ocular Transporters in Ophthalmic Diseases and Drug Delivery -- Series Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 -- Aquaporins and Water Transport in the Cornea -- INTRODUCTION -- AQUAPORIN STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT FUNCTION -- AQUAPORIN EXPRESSION IN OCULAR TISSUES-INDIRECT EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE IN EYE PHYSIOLOGY -- ROLES OF AQUAPORINS IN MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY DEDUCED FROM PHENOTYPES OF AQP-NULL MICE -- OCULAR ROLES OF AQUAPORINS OUTSIDE OF THE CORNEA -- Aquaporins and Intraocular Pressure -- Aquaporin 1 and Cataract Formation -- Aquaporin 4 and Retinal Signal Transduction and Edema Following Injury -- ROLES OF AQUAPORINS IN THE CORNEA -- Aquaporin 1 in Corneal Endothelium - its Role in Corneal Transparency -- Aquaporins and Ocular Surface Fluid Secretion -- Aquaporin 3 and Healing of Corneal Epithelial Wounds -- SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Roles of Corneal Epithelial Ion Transport Mechanisms in Mediating Responses to Cytokines and Osmotic Stress -- OVERVIEW -- INVOLVEMENT OF ION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN MEDIATED RECEPTOR CONTROL OF CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL AND VOLUME REGULATION -- ROLES OF OSMOLYTE TRANSPORTERS IN MEDIATING CONTROL OF BARRIER, DETURGESCENCE, AND EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL -- Na+/K+-Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase) and Na:K:2Cl Cotransporter -- K+/Cl- Cotransporter -- Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO - Exchangers -- Plasma Membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ca2+ Pumps -- Organic Ion Transporters -- ROLES OF ION CHANNELS IN MEDIATING CONTROL OF BARRIER, DETURGESCENCE, AND EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL -- K+ Channels -- Na+ Channels -- Cl- Channels -- Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels -- TRP Channels -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 -- Vitamin C Transport, Delivery, and Function in the Anterior Segment of the Eye -- INTRODUCTION -- LENS.

Function -- Transport -- CORNEA -- Function -- Transport -- OCULAR SURFACE AND TEAR FILM -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 -- Mechanisms of Aqueous Humor Formation -- INTRODUCTION -- POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR THE SECRETION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR -- ION TRANSPORT BY CILIARY EPITHELIUM -- NA+ SECRETION -- HCO - SECRETION -- Cl- SECRETION -- Cl- Uptake by PE Cells -- Na+-K+-2Cl- Symport Versus Parallel Cl-/HCO - and Na+/H+ Antiports -- Cl- Transfer from PE to NPE Cells -- Cl- Release from NPE Cells into the Posterior Chamber -- Cl- REABSORPTION -- At the Basolateral Surface of NPE Cells -- At the Stromal Surface of PE Cells -- REGULATION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION -- Cyclic AMP -- A3 Adenosine Receptors (A3ARs) -- Nitric Oxide -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 -- Membrane Transporters -- INTRODUCTION -- LENS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS IN THE LENS -- ROLE OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS IN THE NORMAL AND DIABETIC LENS -- Diabetic Cataract: a Problem with Lens-Volume Regulation? -- NUTRIENT TRANSPORTERS IN THE NORMAL AND CATARACTIC LENS -- Age-Related Nuclear (ARN) Cataract - a Transport Problem? -- Differential Expression of Nutrient Transporters in the Lens -- Nutrient Delivery to the Lens Nucleus via the Sutures -- A Model for Age-Related Nuclear Cataract -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 -- Lens Na+, K+-ATPase -- SUMMARY -- NA, K-ATPASE DISTRIBUTION IN THE LENS -- LENS NA, K-ATPASE TURNOVER -- REGULATION OF LENS NA, K-ATPASE ACTIVITY -- LENS OSMOREGULATION AND OPACIFICATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 -- Pathophysiology of Pericyte-containing Retinal Microvessels -- PERICYTES AND CAPILLARY FUNCTION -- FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE RETINAL MICROVASCULATURE -- DIABETES AND THE PERICYTE-CONTAINING RETINAL MICROVASCULATURE.

EFFECTS OF DIABETES ON MICROVASCULAR KIR CHANNELS -- THE EFFECT OF DIABETES ON P2X7 PURINOCEPTORS -- HYPERGLYCEMIA AND PERICYTE CHANNELS -- BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER AND ION CHANNEL FUNCTION -- METABOLIC MODULATION OF MICROVASCULAR FUNCTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 -- Molecular Mechanisms of the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Transporters -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ENERGY SUPPLY AND STORAGE -- Glucose -- Lactate -- Creatine -- ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLY -- Vitamin C -- Cystine -- AMINO ACID SUPPLY -- Leucine -- Taurine -- ADENOSINE TRANSPORT -- ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORT -- ATP-BINDING CASSETTE (ABC) TRANSPORTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 -- Regulation of Transport in the RPE -- INTRODUCTION -- TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND IONS FROM THE SUBRETINAL SPACE TO THE CHORIOCAPILLARIS -- MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF IONS IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM -- THE Na+,K+-ATPase PUMP -- K+ AND Na+ CHANNELS -- Cl- CHANNELS -- The ClC Family -- Cyclic AMP-activated Cystic-Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) Channels -- CALCIUM-ACTIVATED Cl- CHANNELS -- The Bestrophin Family -- Calcium-Activated Cl Channels (CACL or CaCC) -- AGONISTS ENHANCING FUNCTION OF CALCIUM-ACTIVATED Cl- CHANNELS -- Na+/Ca2+ EXCHANGER FUNCTIONS IN RPE TO REDUCE [Ca2+]I AND ANTAGONIZES CALCIUM-ACTIVATED K+ AND Cl- CHANNELS -- ELECTRONEUTRAL CATION-Cl- COTRANSPORTERS (SLC12) -- REGULATION OF [Cl-]I AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH BICARBONATE TRANSPORTERS -- BICARBONATE TRANSPORTERS IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AND FUNCTIONAL COUPLING TO OTHER RETINAL CELL LAYERS -- BICARBONATE TRANSPORTERS CANNOT FUNCTION PROPERLY WITHOUT FUNCTIONAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASES (CAS) -- CARBONIC ANHYDRASES -- CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS OF THERAPEUTIC VALUE IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM-RELATED DISEASE -- NA+/H+ (NH) ANTIPORTERS.

MONOCARBOXYLATE TRANSPORTERS (MCT) -- AQP1, AQP9 AND EDEMA -- BUFFERING OF IONS IN THE SUBRETINAL SPACE IN THE LIGHT-DARK CYCLE AND EXPLANATION OF ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG) C-WAVE AND DELAYED HYPERPOLARIZATION -- OTHER IMPORTANT RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TRANSPORT MECHANISMS -- REGULATION OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TRANSPORT BY HORMONES AND AGONISTS -- UNANSWERED QUESTIONS REGARDING RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TRANSPORT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 -- Glucose Transporters in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Development -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPERTIES OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS -- STRUCTURE OF THE OUTER BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER -- COORDINATE DEVELOPMENT OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TIGHT JUNCTIONS AND TRANSCELLULAR GLUCOSE TRANSPORT -- Development of Tight Junctions in Chick Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- Expression of Glucose Transporters In Vivo -- Effect of the Neural Retina on the Expression of Glucose Transporters -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 -- Ca2+ Channels in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- CALCIUM -- Ca2+-REGULATED FUNCTIONS OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM -- Ca2+ CHANNELS IN GENERAL -- Ca2+ CHANNELS IN THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM -- Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels -- The Functional Role of Neuroendocrine L-Type Ca2+Channels in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- L-type Channels and Disease in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- TRP Channels -- Ionotropic Receptors -- Purinergic Receptors -- Glutamate Receptors -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 -- Taurine Transport Pathways in the Outer Retina in Relation to Aging and Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- TAURINE: GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION, INTRA-RETINAL LOCALIZATION -- FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF TAURINE IN THE RETINA -- Mammalian Taurine Deficiency -- TRANSPORT PATHWAYS FOR DELIVERY OF RETINAL TAURINE.

Taurine Transport by Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- AGEING OF THE TAURINE TRANSPORT SYSTEM: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 -- P-Glycoprotein Expression and Function in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- INTRODUCTION -- THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM -- P-GLYCOPROTEIN STRUCTURE -- DRUG TRANSPORT -- Mechanism of Drug Transport -- P-GLYCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATES -- Inhibition of P-glycoprotein -- LOCALIZATION OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN IN THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM -- OCULAR SIDE-EFFECTS OF DRUGS -- DRUG DELIVERY -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 -- The Retinal Rod NCKX1 and Cone/Ganglion Cell NCKX2 Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchangers -- INTRODUCTION -- THE Na+/Ca2+-K+ EXCHANGER IN RETINAL ROD PHOTORECEPTORS -- The Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger in Rod Physiology -- Functional and Molecular Properties of the Rod Outer Segment Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger -- Regulation of the Rod Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger -- Interaction of the Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger with other ROS Proteins -- MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF NCKX GENE PRODUCTS -- Cloning and Analysis of Rod NCKX1 cDNAs -- Cloning and Analysis of a Second Retinal NCKX cDNA -- Post-translational Modification: Alternative Splicing, N-terminal Signal-peptide Cleavage and Glycosylation of NCKX1 and NCKX2 -- Mutated Alleles of the Rod NCKX1 and Cone NCKX2 Genes in Patients with Retinal Disease -- Na+/Ca2+-K+ EXCHANGER STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS -- Residues Important for Cation Transport -- Membrane Topology and Helix Packing of the NCKX2 Protein -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 -- Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in the Retina -- INTRODUCTION -- EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER (EAAT) LOCALIZATION -- DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION -- GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER FUNCTION -- Role in Glutamate Clearance -- Role in Synaptic Transmission -- Role in Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Synthesis.

REGULATION OF EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER FUNCTION.