Front Cover -- Combustion -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Prologue -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FLAME TEMPERATURES -- A. Introduction -- B. Heats of reaction and formation -- C. Free energy and the equilibrium constants -- D. Flame temperature calculations -- 1. Analysis -- 2. Practical considerations -- E. Sub- and super sonic combustion thermodynamics -- 1. Comparisons -- 2. Stagnation pressure considerations -- Problems -- CHAPTER 2. CHEMICAL KINETICS -- A. Introduction -- B. Rates of reactions and their temperature dependence -- 1. The Arrhenius rate expression -- 2. Transition state and recombination rate theories -- C. Simultaneous interdependent reactions -- D. Chain reactions -- E. Pseudo-first-order reactions and the "fall-off" range -- F. The partial equilibrium assumption -- G. Pressure effect in fractional conversion -- H. Chemical kinetics of large reaction mechanisms -- 1. Sensitivity analysis -- 2. Rate of production analysis -- 3. Coupled thermal and chemical reacting systems -- 4. Mechanism simplification -- Problems -- CHAPTER 3. EXPLOSIVE AND GENERAL OXIDATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS -- A. Introduction -- B. Chain branching reactions and criteria for explosion -- C. Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of hydrogen -- D. Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of carbon monoxide -- E. Explosion limits and oxidation characteristics of hydrocarbons -- 1. Organic nomenclature -- 2. Explosion limits -- 3. "Low-temperature" hydrocarbon oxidation mechanisms -- F. The oxidation of aldehydes -- G. The oxidation of methane -- 1. Low-temperature mechanism -- 2. High-temperature mechanism -- H. The oxidation of higher-order hydrocarbons -- 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons -- 2. Alcohols -- 3. Aromatic hydrocarbons -- 4. Supercritical effects -- Problems.

CHAPTER 4. FLAME PHENOMENA IN PREMIXED COMBUSTIBLE GASES -- A. Introduction -- B. Laminar flame structure -- C. The laminar flame speed -- 1. The theory of Mallard and Le Chatelier -- 2. The theory of Zeldovich, Frank-Kamenetskii, and Semenov -- 3. Comprehensive theory and laminar flame structure analysis -- 4. The laminar flame and the energy equation -- 5. Flame speed measurements -- 6. Experimental results: physical and chemical effects -- D. Stability limits of laminar flames -- 1. Flammability limits -- 2. Quenching distance -- 3. Flame stabilization (low velocity) -- 4. Stability limits and design -- E. Flame propagation through stratified combustible mixtures -- F. Turbulent reacting flows and turbulent flames -- 1. The rate of reaction in a turbulent field -- 2. Regimes of turbulent reacting flows -- 3. The turbulent flame speed -- G. Stirred reactor theory -- H. Flame stabilization in high-velocity streams -- I. Combustion in small volumes -- Problems -- CHAPTER 5. DETONATION -- A. Introduction -- 1. Premixed and diffusion flames -- 2. Explosion, deflagration, and detonation -- 3. The onset of detonation -- B. Detonation phenomena -- C. Hugoniot relations and the hydrodynamic theory of detonations -- 1. Characterization of the Hugoniot curve and the uniqueness of the C-J point -- 2. Determination of the speed of sound in the burned gases for conditions above the C-J point -- 3. Calculation of the detonation velocity -- D. Comparison of detonation velocity calculations with experimental results -- E. The ZND structure of detonation waves -- F. The structure of the cellular detonation front and other detonation phenomena parameters -- 1. The cellular detonation front -- 2. The dynamic detonation parameters -- 3. Detonation limits -- G. Detonations in nongaseous media -- Problems -- CHAPTER 6. DIFFUSION FLAMES -- A. Introduction.

B. Gaseous fuel jets -- 1. Appearance -- 2. Structure -- 3. Theoretical considerations -- 4. The Burke-Schumann development -- 5. Turbulent fuel jets -- C. Burning of condensed phases -- 1. General mass burning considerations and the evaporation coefficient -- 2. Single fuel droplets in quiescent atmospheres -- D. Burning of droplet clouds -- E. Burning in convective atmospheres -- 1. The stagnant film case -- 2. The longitudinally burning surface -- 3. The flowing droplet case -- 4. Burning rates of plastics: The small B assumption and radiation effects -- Problems -- CHAPTER 7. IGNITION -- A. Concepts -- B. Chain spontaneous ignition -- C. Thermal spontaneous ignition -- 1. Semenov approach of thermal ignition -- 2. Frank-Kamenetskii theory of thermal ignition -- D. Forced ignition -- 1. Spark ignition and minimum ignition energy -- 2. Ignition by adiabatic compression and shock waves -- E. Other ignition concepts -- 1. Hypergolicity and pyrophoricity -- 2. Catalytic ignition -- Problems -- CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL COMBUSTION CONSIDERATIONS -- A. Introduction -- B. The nature of photochemical smog -- 1. Primary and secondary pollutants -- 2. The effect of NO[sub(x)] -- 3. The effect of SO[sub(x)] -- C. Formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides -- 1. The structure of the nitrogen oxides -- 2. The effect of flame structure -- 3. Reaction mechanisms of oxides of nitrogen -- 4. The reduction of NO[sub(x)] -- D. SO[sub(x)] emissions -- 1. The product composition and structure of sulfur compounds -- 2. Oxidative mechanisms of sulfur fuels -- E. Particulate formation -- 1. Characteristics of soot -- 2. Soot formation processes -- 3. Experimental systems and soot formation -- 4. Sooting tendencies -- 5. Detailed structure of sooting flames -- 6. Chemical mechanisms of soot formation -- 7. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on soot formation.

F. Stratospheric ozone -- 1. The HO[sub(x)] catalytic cycle -- 2. The NO[sub(x)] catalytic cycle -- 3. The ClO[sub(x)] catalytic cycle -- Problems -- CHAPTER 9. COMBUSTION OF NONVOLATILE FUELS -- A. Carbon char, soot, and metal combustion -- B. Metal combustion thermodynamics -- 1. The criterion for vapor-phase combustion -- 2. Thermodynamics of metal-oxygen systems -- 3. Thermodynamics of metal-air systems -- 4. Combustion synthesis -- C. Diffusional kinetics -- D. Diffusion-controlled burning rate -- 1. Burning of metals in nearly pure oxygen -- 2. Burning of small particles - diffusion versus kinetic limits -- 3. The burning of boron particles -- 4. Carbon particle combustion (C. R. Shaddix) -- E. Practical carbonaceous fuels (C. R. Shaddix) -- 1. Devolatilization -- 2. Char combustion -- 3. Pulverized coal char oxidation -- 4. Gasification and oxy-combustion -- F. Soot oxidation (C. R. Shaddix) -- Problems -- APPENDIXES -- APPENDIX A. THERMOCHEMICAL DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS -- Table A1. Conversion factors and physical constants -- Table A2. Thermochemical data for selected chemical compounds -- Table A3. Thermochemical data for species included in reaction list of Appendix C -- APPENDIX B. ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURES OF HYDROCARBONS -- Table B1. Adiabatic flame temperatures -- APPENDIX C. SPECIFIC REACTION RATE CONSTANTS -- Table C1. H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C2. CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C3. CH[sub(2)]O/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C4. CH[sub(3)]OH/CH[sub(2)]O/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C5. CH[sub(4)]/CH[sub(3)]OH/CH[sub(2)]O/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C6. C[sub(2)]H[sub(6)]/CH[sub(4)]/CH[sub(3)]OH/CH[sub(2)]O/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C7. Selected reactions of a C[sub(3)]H[sub(8)] oxidation mechanism.

Table C8. N[sub(x)]O[sub(y)]/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C9. HCl/N[sub(x)]O[sub(y)]/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C10. O[sub(3)]/N[sub(x)]O[sub(y)]/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- Table C11. SO[sub(x)]/N[sub(x)]O[sub(y)]/CO/H[sub(2)]/O[sub(2)] mechanism -- APPENDIX D. BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES OF HYDROCARBONS -- Table D1. Bond dissociation energies of alkanes -- Table D2. Bond dissociation energies of alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics -- Table D3. Bond dissociation energies of C/H/O compounds -- Table D4. Bond dissociation energies of sulfur-containing compounds -- Table D5. Bond dissociation energies of nitrogen-containing compounds -- Table D6. Bond dissociation energies of halocarbons -- APPENDIX E. FLAMMABILITY LIMITS IN AIR -- Table E1. Flammability limits of fuel gases and vapors in air at 25°C and 1 atm -- APPENDIX F. LAMINAR FLAME SPEEDS -- Table F1. Burning velocities of various fuels at 25°C air-fuel temperature (0.31 mol% H[sub(2)]O in air). Burning velocity S as a function of equivalence ratio ø in cm/s -- Table F2. Burning velocities of various fuels at 100°C air-fuel temperature (0.31 mol% H[sub(2)]O in air). Burning velocity S as a function of equivalence ratio ø in cm/s -- Table F3. Burning velocities of various fuels in air as a function of pressure for an equivalence ratio of 1 in cm/s -- APPENDIX G. SPONTANEOUS IGNITION TEMPERATURE DATA -- Table G1. Spontaneous ignition temperature data -- APPENDIX H. MINIMUM SPARK IGNITION ENERGIES AND QUENCHING DISTANCES -- Table H1. Minimum spark ignition energy data for fuels in air at 1 atm pressure -- APPENDIX I. PROGRAMS FOR COMBUSTION KINETICS -- A. Thermochemical parameters -- B. Kinetic parameters -- C. Transport parameters -- D. Reaction mechanisms -- E. Thermodynamic equilibrium -- F. Temporal kinetics (Static and flow reactors) -- G. Stirred reactors.

H. Shock tubes.