PHARMA-ECOLOGY -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Usage of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products for Different Therapeutic End Points in Relation to Environment -- 1.1 Personal Care Products -- 1.1.1 Fragrances and Musks -- 1.1.2 Detergents -- 1.1.3 Disinfectants -- 1.2 Pharmaceutical Compounds -- 1.2.1 Antihypertensive and Cardiovascular Medications -- 1.2.2 Anxiolytic Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Antipsychotics -- 1.2.3 Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 1.2.4 Antimicrobial Compounds -- 1.2.5 Gastrointestinal Drugs -- 1.2.6 Antidiabetic Drugs -- 1.2.7 Diuretics and Electrolytes -- 1.2.8 Thyroid System Medication -- 1.2.9 Respiratory Drugs -- 1.2.10 Oral Contraceptive and Reproductive Therapeutics -- 1.2.11 Biophosphonates and Other Skeletal Ailment Drugs -- 1.2.12 Steroids -- 1.2.13 Hematologic Drugs -- 1.2.14 Nutritional Drugs -- 1.2.15 Triptans -- 1.2.16 Anesthetics -- 1.2.17 Antineoplast and Immunosuppressants -- 1.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Detection and Occurrence of PPCPs in the Environment -- 2.1 Detection of PPCPs in the Environment -- 2.1.1 Detection Using Instrumentation -- 2.1.2 Detection Using Bioassays -- 2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Various Environments -- 2.2.1 Aquatic Systems -- 2.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Sediments -- 2.2.3 Occurrence of PPCPs in Soil -- 2.2.4 Aerial Environments -- 2.3 Excretion as a Driver of Pharmaceutical Occurrence in the Environment -- Chapter 3 Ecopharmacokinetics and Ecopharmacodynamics -- 3.1 Overview of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- 3.1.1 Sorption and Bioavailability of PPCPs in the Environment -- 3.1.2 Compound Half-life and Clearance -- 3.2 Degradation of PPCPs in the Environment -- 3.2.1 Degradation of Antibiotics in the Environment -- 3.2.2 Degradation of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 3.2.3 Degradation of Estrogens and Other Reproductive Hormones in the Environment.

3.2.4 Degradation of Other Important Pharmaceuticals -- 3.2.5 Degradation of Surfactants -- 3.3 Role of Physicochemical Factors in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment -- 3.3.1 Molecular Size as an Attribute to Absorption and Persistence -- 3.3.2 Solubility and Hydrolysis -- 3.3.3 Effects of Chemical Dissociation, Partitioning, and Lipophilicity on PPCP Degradability -- 3.3.4 Effects of Moisture and Oxygen in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment -- 3.3.5 Effects of Temperature in PPCP Dynamics and Degradation in the Environment -- 3.3.6 Other Factors That Determine PPCP Fate and Persistence in the Environment -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs -- 4.1 Conventional Assessment of the Risk -- 4.2 Ecological Impact of PPCPs on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes -- 4.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance -- 4.2.2 Biogeochemical Perturbations -- 4.3 Effects of PPCPs on Invertebrates -- 4.4 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Aquatic Organisms -- 4.4.1 Endocrine Disrupters in the Aquatic System -- 4.4.2 Effects of Antibiotic Resistance to Aquatic Organisms -- 4.4.3 Ecotoxicological Effects of Cosmetics on Aquatic Organisms -- 4.4.4 Ecotoxicity of Other PPCPs in Aquatic Organisms -- 4.5 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Terrestrial Wildlife -- 4.6 Livestock and Human Health -- 4.6.1 Clinical Antibiotic Resistance Cases -- 4.6.2 Allergic Reactions Related to PPCPs -- 4.6.3 Endocrine Disruption in Humans and Livestock -- 4.6.4 Association Between PPCPs in the Environment and Some Cancers -- 4.6.5 Other PPCPs of Major Concern to Humans and Livestock in the Environment -- 4.7 Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Vegetation -- 4.8 General Considerations in Long-Term PPCP Toxicity -- Chapter 5 Technologies for Removing PPCPs -- 5.1 Conventional Treatment Systems -- 5.1.1 Primary Treatment -- 5.1.2 Secondary Treatment -- 5.2 Advanced Treatment Processes -- 5.2.1 Advanced Filtration Systems.

5.2.2 Oxidation Processes -- 5.2.3 Ultraviolet Treatment -- 5.2.4 Electrolysis -- 5.2.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- Chapter 6 Future Needs -- 6.1 Improving Assessment of the Risks from PPCPs in the Environment -- 6.2 Effect of Mixtures -- 6.3 Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low PPCP Doses -- 6.4 Formulation and Regimen Design Affecting PPCP Bioavailability, Excretion, and Sorption -- 6.5 Use of Quantitative Structural Activity Relationships in Ecotoxicology -- 6.6 Use of Genomics in Bioassay Studies -- 6.7 Social Responsibility, Legislation, and Policy -- 6.8 Need to Revisit the Drug Approval and Advertising Process -- 6.9 Use of Prescription Records for Mapping PPCPs -- References -- Index.