Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Table of Cases -- Introduction -- Origins of WADA and the Code -- Adoption of the Code -- The Code and the International Standards -- Other methods of regulation -- Liaison with State authorities -- The challenges for the Code -- The need for consistency -- Access to decisions under the Code -- Outline of the book -- The sources of law in relation to the interpretation of the Code -- 1 The development of principles relating to anti-doping regimes: the role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport -- Background -- OMADC -- Different approaches -- Court challenges -- International developments -- Criminal law: principles generally inapplicable -- Development of common principles -- The role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport -- CAS Rules -- Independence of CAS -- Code for sports-related arbitration -- Role of the International Council of Arbitration for Sport -- Outline of CAS Procedural Rules -- General rules -- Ordinary arbitrations: special provisions -- Appeal arbitrations - special provisions -- Advisory opinions -- The CAS ad hoc jurisdiction -- CAS Rules: particular aspects of appeals in doping matters under the Code -- Substantive law governing dispute on appeal -- The development of fundamental principles in anti-doping matters by CAS before the Code -- The key principles developed by CAS in doping matters before the Code -- Pre-Code CAS awards illustrating fundamental principles -- Strict liability: rationale and need for clear rules -- Pre-Code CAS awards: strict liability justification for disqualification: flexibility in fixed sanctions? -- Pre-Code CAS awards: CAS reviewing fixed sanctions in anti-doping policies -- Pre-Code CAS awards: testing processes, procedural failures and 'B' sample rights.

Different approaches by CAS Panels to discretion in relation to fixed sanctions -- The lack of harmony relating to sanctions between anti-doping regimes before the code -- Illustrations: different outcomes -- 2 Overview of the Code and the World Anti-Doping Program -- Purpose -- The parts of the Code -- Acceptance by Signatories -- Illustrations: jurisdiction: the importance of agreement -- On appeals -- Agreement to investigation powers -- Effect of agreement to the jurisdiction of CAS: CAS Code of Sports Related Procedure and time limits applicable -- The possibility of differences at national and international level where Code not adopted or not properly applied at national level -- General international support: the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport -- The Convention: summary -- 3 The International Standards in more detail -- The role of International Standards -- The Prohibited List -- The consequence of inclusion on the Prohibited List -- Review of the Prohibited List -- Considerations -- How is a substance or method included in the List? -- No challenge to List status -- What does the List include? -- Similar substances -- Specified substances -- Illustrations of issues relating to identification of prohibited substances -- Is the substance detected similar? -- CAS 2005/A/726, Calle Williams v. IOC -- CAS 2002/A/376, Baxter v. IOC -- General scientific challenges to test results -- Prohibited methods -- Prohibited substances which occur naturally in the body -- Steroids -- Testosterone -- The further WADA International Standards -- TUE Standard: general -- IST and ISL Standards: general -- The TUE Standard in more detail -- Criteria for grant of TUE -- The application of the criteria -- Appeals in relation to TUEs -- Retroactive TUE applications -- Illustrations -- Application of criteria: general fitness irrelevant.

CAS 2004/A/717, IPC v. Brockman and WADA -- The IST in more detail -- The ISL -- The presumption in favour of WADA laboratories -- Scientific tests -- 4 The nature of the Code and its interpretation and application -- Effect of global acceptance -- Interpreting and applying the Code -- Article 24 of the Code -- The purpose of the Code -- The international approach to interpretation -- Central role of CAS in interpretation -- 5 Articles 1 and 2 of the Code: anti-doping rule violations under the Code -- Investigations into other violations -- Illustrations -- The investigation and proof of 'non-analytical positive' violations -- An example of the proof of a range of violations arising as a result of material found after a search by State authorities3 -- Agreement to the Code: a fundamental requirement -- Who can commit anti-doping rule violations? -- Article 2.1: presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete's bodily specimen -- Elements of violation -- Detection of prohibited substances -- Possible defences -- Areas of non-scientific challenge to testing and analytical processes -- 'B' sample rights -- Article 2.2: use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method -- Use -- Intent -- Attempts -- Mental element for attempt -- Impossibility -- Proof of Article 2.2 violation -- Use of prohibited methods -- Article 2.3: refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit to sample collection after notification as… -- Compelling justification -- Illustrations -- Article 2.4: violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete availability for out-of competition testing including failure to provide required… -- Illustrations -- Article 2.5: tampering or attempting to tamper, with any part of doping control.

Illustrations of manipulation as a prohibited method established by drawing inferences: pre-Code CAS awards -- Article 2.6: possession of prohibited substances and methods -- Article 2.7: trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method -- Article 2.8: administration or attempted administration of a prohibited substance or prohibited method to any… -- General approach to consideration of violations -- Limitation -- 6 Article 3 of the Code: the proof of anti-doping rule violations under the Code -- Introduction -- The general burden of proof -- Burden on the anti-doping organisation -- Burden on the athlete -- The standard of proof -- For the anti-doping organisation -- Departures from the International Standards: the shifting burden -- The evidence which can be admitted in a hearing -- Admissions -- The drawing of inferences -- Silence in the face of allegations -- The burden and standard of proof in action -- Illustrations: burden and standard of proof -- The problems of proof -- CAS 2004/A/651, French v. Australian Sports Commission & Cycling Australia -- BALCO cases: consideration of the standard of proof and proof by admissions and inferences -- USADA v. Montgomery and USADA v. Gaines -- Admissions and inferences -- AAA No. 30 190 00658 04, USADA v. Collins -- 7 Responsibility for testing and investigations, results management and hearings -- The responsibility for testing and results management -- Article 15: clarification of doping control responsibilities -- Testing in-competition at events -- Testing out-of-competition -- Investigations into anti-doping rule violations other than doping -- Article 7: the results management proces -- Results management for other anti-doping violations -- Article 7.5: provisional suspensions -- Article 14: reporting and confidentiality -- Notices.

Article 14.2: public disclosure before final hearing -- Public reporting after decision -- Claims for breach of confidence -- Mutual recognition -- Article 8: hearings -- Fairness and due process -- The powers on appeal: curing defects in process below -- Impartiality -- CAS at first instance -- 8 Sanctions for anti-doping rule violations: Articles 9 and 10 of the Code -- The concept of proportionality -- Article 9: strict liability, automatic disqualification of results -- Illustrations -- Strict liability: loss of result, medal -- Article 10 -- Article 10.1 Disqualification of further results -- Article 10.2: the periods of ineligibility, general approach -- The periods of ineligibility -- Article 10.3: specified substances -- Article 10.5.1: no fault or negligence, potential availability -- The Notes to Article 10.5.1 -- Article 10.5.2 -- Decisions under Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2 -- Main principles for application of Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2 -- Illustrations: Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2: proportionality in action -- The burden of showing how the prohibited substances came to be in the athlete's body -- Consideration of no fault, no significant fault or negligence claims -- No fault -- No significant fault -- Proportionality -- Careless taking of supplements -- Reductions for no significant fault -- Reduction for no significant fault -- A continuing (limited) role for the principle of proportionality? -- No significant fault -- Article 10.5.3: substantial assistance -- Multiple violations: is there a second violation? -- Illustrations: assessing pre-Code violations -- American Arbitration Association North American Court of Arbitration for Sport Panel -- Article 10.7: disqualification of results -- Commencement of period of ineligibility -- Article 11: consequences to teams -- The reallocation of results and medals -- Illustrations.

The question of construction.