145198_1_En_FM_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Neuroscience in Medicine -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Color Plates -- 145198_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Brain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spinal Cord External Anatomy -- 2.1 Spinal Cord Internal Anatomy -- 2.1.1 Spinal Gray Matter Anatomy -- 2.1.2 The Spinal Autonomic Nervous System -- 2.1.3 Spinal Cord Sexual Dimorphism -- 2.2 Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord -- 2.3 Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord -- 2.4 Meninges of the Spinal Cord -- 3 Brain -- 3.1 Medulla Oblongata -- 3.2 Pons -- 3.3 Midbrain -- 3.4 Cerebellum -- 3.5 Forebrain -- 3.6 Arterial Supply of the Brain -- 3.7 Venous Drainage of the Brain -- 3.8 Ventricular System -- 3.9 Meninges of the Brain -- Selected Readings -- 145198_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Ion Channels, Transporters, and Electrical Signaling -- 1. Overview -- 2. Resting Membrane Potentials -- 2.1. Lipid Bilayer Separates Cells from Their Environment -- 2.2. Ion Pumps and Ion Channels Transport Ions in Opposite Directions -- 2.3. Signaling Proteins Other than Channels and Transporters -- 2.4. Ion Concentrations Differ Across the Cell Membrane -- 2.5. Every Neuron Has a Membrane Potential -- 2.6. The Membrane Potential as Cellular Force -- 2.7. Membrane Potential and Ion Movements -- 2.8. Single-Ion Electrochemical Equilibrium -- 2.9. Real Cells Are Not at Equilibrium -- 2.10. Multi-ion Electrochemical Equilibrium -- 3. Electrical Excitability of the Cell Membrane -- 3.1. Excitable Cells Fire Action Potentials -- 3.2. Neurons Also Generate a Variety of Slow Potentials -- 3.3. Action Potential and Ion Movements -- 3.4. How Does the Action Potential Propagate? -- 3.5. Myelin Enhances the Speed of Action Potential -- 3.6. Neurons Do Not Require Energy to Conduct Action Potential.

3.7. Action Potentials Can Have Different Shapes and Functions -- 4. VoltagehypnGated Channels -- 4.1. Gigaseal and Patch-Clamp Methods -- 4.2. Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels Depolarize Cells -- 4.3. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Have Dual Functions -- 4.4. Potassium Channels Tend to Reduce Excitation -- 4.5. Cyclic Nucleotide-Modulated Channels Are Nonselective Cation Channels -- 4.6. TRP Ion Channels in the Nervous System -- 4.7. Chloride Channels Also Tend to Reduce Excitation -- 5. Extracellular LigandhypnGated Channels -- 5.1. Nicotinic Acetylcholine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors Are Cation-Permeable Channels -- 5.2. GABA and Glycine Receptors Are Anion-Permeable Channels -- 5.3. Some Glutamate Channels Are Voltage- and Ligand-Gated -- 5.4. ATP-Gated Channels Are Expressed in Excitable and Nonexcitable Cells -- 6. ENaC/Degenerin Family of Channels -- 7. Intracellular and Intercellular Channels -- 7.1. Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Influx Activates Ryanodine Receptors -- 7.2. IP3 Receptors Are Intracellular Ligand-Gated Channels -- 7.3. Calcium Release Is Coupled to Capacitative Ca2+ Entry -- 7.4. Electrical, Ca2+, and Chemical Coupling by Gap-Junction Channels -- 8. Active Transporters -- 8.1. Na-K-ATPase Has Multiple Functions -- 8.2. Na-Ca Exchanger and Ca-ATPase Control Intracellular Calcium -- 8.3. Several Transporters Maintain Chloride Gradient -- 8.4. Acid-Base Transporters -- 8.5. Other Na+ Gradient-Driven Transporters -- 9. A CrosshypnCommunication Between Electrical and ReceptorhypnMediated Signaling Pathways -- Selected Readings -- 1. Impaired or Blocked Impulse Conduction -- 2. Diseases That Affect Myelin -- 3. MS Has a Distinct Age, Gender, Race, and Geographic Profile -- 4. MS is Characterized by the Presence of Numerous Discrete Areas of Demyelination Throughout the Brain and Spinal Cord.

5. The Symptoms of MS Remit and Reappear in Characteristic Fashion -- 6. The Diagnosis of MS Can be Aided by Imaging Studies and Laboratory Tests -- 7. Immunosuppression Is The Most Common Form of Therapy Used in Ms -- Selected Readings -- 145198_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Synaptic Transmission -- Overview -- 1. Properties of Chemical and Electrical Synapses -- 2. A Model Synapse: The Neuromuscular Junction -- 3. Presynaptic Exocytosis is Ca2+ Dependent -- 4. Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors in the Mammalian Brain -- 5. The Interplay of Excitation and Inhibition -- 6. Synapses are Heterogeneous and can be Specialized -- 7. Short-Term and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity -- Selected Readings -- 145198_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Receptors -- 1. Receptor Classification Schemes: Anatomic, Pharmacologic, and Structural/Mechanistic -- 2. Receptor Structure and Function -- 2.1. Receptors Can Be Mathematically Characterized Using Biochemical Kinetic Parameters Developed to Understand Enzymes -- 2.2. Receptors Can Be Multisubunit Ion Channels in the Membrane or Single Polypeptides That Modulate an Effector System -- 2.3. Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors -- 2.4. G Protein-Coupled Receptors -- 2.4.1. G Proteins -- 2.4.2. Effector Mechanisms -- 2.4.3. Constitutive Activity and Inverse Agonism -- 2.4.4. Receptor Dynamics: Membrane Trafficking -- 2.5. Nitric Oxide -- 2.6. Receptors as Part of the Effector Pathway -- 3. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors -- 3.1. Cholinergic Receptors Are Found in Both Main Genetic Families of Transmitter Receptors -- 3.1.1. Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors -- 3.1.2. Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors -- 3.2. Catecholamine Receptors -- 3.2.1. alpha-Adrenergic Receptors -- 3.2.2. beta-Adrenergic Receptors -- 3.3. Dopamine Receptors -- 3.4. Serotonin Receptors -- 3.5. Histamine Receptors.

3.6. Receptors for Amino Acid Neurotransmitters -- 3.6.1. GABA Receptors -- 3.6.2. Glycine Receptor -- 3.6.3. Glutamate Receptors -- 3.7. Peptide Receptors -- 4. Conclusion -- Suggested Readings -- 145198_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Neuroembryology and Neurogenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Embryonic Development or the Nervous System -- 2.1. Early Development of the Neural Tube -- 2.1.1. Proliferation and Differentiation of the Neuroepithelial Cells -- 2.2. Formation of Neural Crest and Migration of Cells -- 2.3. Spinal Cord and Brain Stem -- 2.4. The Primary Brain Vesicles -- 2.5. Myelencephalon and Metencephalon -- 2.6. Mesencephalon -- 2.7. Diencephalon -- 2.8. Telencephalon -- 3. Neurogenesis in the Embryonic Nervous System -- 3.1. The Origin and Formation of Cortical Neurons -- 3.2. Extracellular Molecules for Developing Neurons -- 4. Neuronal Apoptosis in the Developing Nervous System -- 4.1. The Function of Neuronal Apoptosis -- 4.2. Underlying Mechanisms of Regulating Developing Neuronal Apoptosis -- Selected Readings -- Clinical Correlation -- Disorders of Neuronal Migration -- Cortical Neurons in Neuronal Migration Disorders -- Epilepsy as a Symptom of Abnormal Cortical Neuronal Migration -- Kallmann's Syndrome as a Prototype of the Heritable Disorders of Neuronal Migration -- Selected Readings -- 145198_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- The Vasculature of the Human Brain -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Human Vasculature Can Be Visualized In Vivo by Four Different Modalities -- 2. Intracranial Arterial System (TABLE 1) -- 2.1. Anterior (Carotid) Circulation -- 2.1.1. The Internal Carotid Artery (Table 2) -- 2.1.2. The Anterior Cerebral Artery (Table 3) -- 2.1.3. The Middle Cerebral Artery (Table 4) -- 2.1.4. The Posterior Cerebral Artery (Table 5) -- 2.2. Posterior (Vertebrobasilar) Circulation -- 2.2.1. The Vertebral Arteries (Table 6).

2.2.2. The Basilar Artery (Table 7) -- 2.2.3. Leptomeningeal or Pial Vessels -- 2.2.4. Intraparenchymal or Penetrating Arteries -- 2.3. The Structure of Intradural Arteries Is Different from That of Extracranial Arteries -- 2.4. Three Types of Nerve Fibers Have Endings on the Walls of Large Intracranial Arteries -- 2.4.1. Pain-Sensitive Fibers -- 2.4.2. Sympathetic Fibers -- 2.4.3. Parasympathetic Fibers -- 3. Collateral Circulation (TABLE 8) -- 4. Capillaries -- 4.1. The Blood-Brain Barrier Refers to a Complex Array of Physical, Metabolic, and Transport Properties of the Capillary Endothelium -- 4.2. Capillaries at the Circumventricular Organs Are Permeable to Circulating Macromolecules -- 4.3. Immune and Inflammatory Mediators Play an Important Role in a Variety of Pathophysiologic Pathways Such as in Cerebral Ischemia -- 4.3.1. Adhesion Receptors -- 4.3.2. Cytokines -- 4.4. Complement Activation -- 5. Intracranial Venous System (TABLE 9) -- 5.1. The Deep Venous System (Table 10) -- 5.1.1. The Deep Cerebral Venous System Primarily Drains Veins Originating in Midline Structures -- 5.2. Superficial Cerebral Veins (Table 11) -- 5.2.1. Superficial Cerebral Veins Drain into Either the Superior Sagittal Sinus, Transverse Sinuses, or Sigmoid Sinuses -- 5.3. Posterior Fossa (Infratentorial) Veins (Table 12) -- 5.4. Dural Venous Sinuses (Table 13) -- Selected Readings -- Clinical Correlation -- Stroke -- Pathologic Mechanisms of Stroke -- Loss of Energy-Dependent Homeostatic Mechanisms Leads the Neurologic Symptoms That Result from a Stroke -- Normal Homeostatic Mechanisms in the Cerebral Vascular System May Be Lost Because of Cerebral Ischemia -- The Normal Blood Supply to the Brain can be Disrupted by Several Mechanisms -- Transient Ischemic Symptoms Often Precede Cerebral Infarction.

The Neurologic Deficit in Ischemic Stroke Depends on which Blood Vessel is Involved.