Cover -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Cell Structure and Function -- 1.1 General Structure of Cell -- 1.2 Plasma Membrane -- 1.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum -- 1.4 Golgi Apparatus -- 1.5 The Lysosome System -- 1.6 Mitochondria -- 1.7 Centriole -- 1.8 Nucleus -- Chapter 2. Foodstuffs -- 2.1 Carbohydrates -- 2.2 Proteins -- 2.3 Lipids -- 2.4 Vitamins -- 2.5 Minerals and Water -- Chapter 3. Biological Oxidations -- 3.1 Bioenergetics -- 3.2 Types of Reactions -- 3.3 Coupled Reactions -- 3.4 Energy Expenditure in Metabolic Processes -- 3.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 3.6 The Cytochrome System -- 3.7 The Flavoproteins -- 3.8 Dehydrogenation -- 3.9 Energy Release and Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 3.10 Glucose Oxidation -- Chapter 4. Enzymes-The Biological Catalysts -- 4.1 General Properties of Enzymes -- 4.2 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action -- 4.3 Classification of Enzymes -- 4.4 Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity -- 4.5 Isoenzymes -- 4.6 Allosteric Enzymes -- 4.7 Coenzymes -- Chapter 5. Animal Calorimetry -- 5.1 Animal Calorimetry -- 5.2 Basal Metabolism -- 5.3 Caloric Requirement -- Chapter 6. Metabolism -- 6.1 Oxidation of Amino Acids -- 6.2 Urea Synthesis -- 6.3 Decarboxylation -- 6.4 Reactions of some Amino Acids -- 6.5 Metabolism of Creatine and Creatinine -- 6.6 Sulphur Metabolism -- 6.7 Metabolism of Nucleoprotein -- 6.8 Blood Sugar -- 6.9 Glycolysis -- 6.10 Glycogenesis -- 6.11 Gluconegensis -- 6.12 Muscle Glycogen -- 6.13 Metabolism of Other Sugars -- 6.14 Role of Liver in Fat Metabolism -- 6.15 Oxidation of Fatty Acids -- 6.16 β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids -- 6.17 Metabolism of Glycerol -- 6.18 Synthesis of Glycerides and Fatty Acids -- 6.19 Metabolism of Phospholipids -- 6.20 Metabolism of Cholesterol -- 6.21 Ketogenesis -- Chapter 7. Digestion and Absorption -- 7.1 Modes of Nutrition.

7.2 Intake of Food Materials -- 7.3 Digestion of Foodstuffs -- 7.4 Digestion in Mammals -- 7.5 Digestion in Other Vertebrates -- 7.6 Digestion in Invertebrates -- 7.7 Carbohydrate Absorption -- 7.8 Protein Absorption -- 7.9 Absorption of Fat -- 7.10 Absorption of Other Substances -- Chapter 8. Water Relations and Ionic Regulations -- 8.1 Role of Membranes in Osmotic and Ionic Regulations -- 8.2 Some Definitions -- 8.3 Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats -- 8.4 Probable Movements of Animals Between Different Environments -- 8.5 Role of Body Fluids -- 8.6 Adaptation to Marine Habitat -- 8.7 Adaptations to Brackish Water Habitat -- 8.8 Adaptation to Freshwater Habitat -- 8.9 Adaptations to Terrestrail Habitat -- 8.10 Return to The Sea -- Chapter 9. Membrane Physiology -- 9.1 Chemical Composition of Membranes -- 9.2 Membrane Architecture -- 9.3 Membrane Transport Functions -- 9.4 Mechanisms for Transport of Materials Across Membranes -- 9.5 Bulk Transport Systems -- Chapter 10. Temperature Regulation -- 10.1 Habitats of Animals -- 10.2 Nomenclature of Thermoregulation -- 10.3 Energy Relationships of Animals -- 10.4 Low Temperature Effects -- 10.5 Temperature Relations in Poikilotherms -- 10.6 Temperature Relations of Homeotherms -- 10.7 Temperature Relations of Heterotherms -- 10.8 Thermoreulatory Control Centre -- 10.9 Temperature Regulation in Endotherms -- 10.10 Acclimatization -- Chapter 11. Body Fluids -- 11.1 Major Types of Body Fluids -- 11.2 Blood -- 11.3 General Properties of Blood -- 11.4 Composition of Blood -- 11.5 Formed Elements of Blood -- 11.6 Blood Groups and Transfusions -- 11.7 Coagulation of Blood -- 11.8 Theories of Coagulation -- 11.9 Haemolysis -- 11.10 Haematological Abnormalities -- Chapter 12. Circulation of Blood -- 12.1 The Blood Volume -- 12.2 The Components of Circulatory System -- 12.3 Heart of Invertebrate.

12.4 Heart of Vertebrates -- 12.5 Physiological Properties of Cardiac Muscles -- 12.6 Regulation of The Heart -- 12.7 Chemical Regulation -- Chapter 13. Respiration -- 13.1 Respiratory Devices -- 13.2 Mechanism of Breathing -- 13.3 Respiratory Pigments -- 13.4 Properties of Respiratory Pigments -- 13.5 Factors Affecting Oxygen Dissiociation -- 13.6 Transport of Carbon Dioxide -- 13.7 Buffer Systems of Blood -- 13.8 Acid-Base Disturbances of Respiratory Origin -- 13.9 Acid-Base Disturbances of Non-Respiratory Orgin -- 13.10 Regulatory Processes in Respiration -- Chapter 14. Excretion -- 14.1 Organs of Excretion -- 14.2 Types of Excretory Products -- 14.3 Patterns of Excretion -- 14.4 Changes in Nitrogen Excretion with Life Cycle -- 14.5 Dietary Influence on Nitrogen Excretion -- 14.6 Excretory Devices in Invertebrates -- 14.7 Excretion Devices in Vertebrates Renal Physiology -- 14.8 Composition of Urine -- 14.9 Countercurrent Mechanism -- 14.10 Acid-Base Regulation -- 14.11 Renal Control Mechanisms -- Chapter 15. Nerve Physiology -- 15.1 Units of The Nervous System -- 15.2 Irritability -- 15.3 Electrical Phenomena of Nerves -- 15.4 Theories of Excitation -- 15.5 Factors Influencing Excitation and Propagation -- 15.6 Impulse Propagation -- 15.7 Synaptic Transmission -- Chapter 16. Sensory Mechanisms -- 16.1 Classification of Receptors -- 16.2 Chemoreceptors -- 16.3 Mechanoreceptors -- 16.4 Radioreceptors -- Chapter 17. Nervous Coordination -- 17.1 Integration -- 17.2 Synaptic Integration -- 17.3 Types of Reflexes -- 17.4 Classification of Reflexes -- Chapter 18. Effector Organs -- 18.1 Animal Movement -- 18.2 Structure of Muscles -- 18.3 Composition of Muscles -- 18.4 Neuromuscular Junction -- 18.5 Excitability of Muscle Tissue -- 18.6 Muscle Contraction -- 18.7 Theories of Contraction -- 18.8 Chemical Basis of Contraction -- 18.9 Bioelectrogenesis.

18.10 Bioluminescence -- 18.11 Chemistry of Bioluminescence -- 18.12 Colour Production -- 18.13 Mechanism of Action of Chromatophores -- Chapter 19. Hormonal Regulation -- 19.1 The Pituitary -- 19.2 The Pancreas -- 19.3 Hormonal Control of Growth -- 19.4 Hormonal Control of Ionic and Water Balance -- 19.5 Prostaglandins -- 19.6 Hormonal Regulation in Invertebrates -- Chapter 20. Reproduction -- 20.1 Levels of Reproduction -- 20.2 Patterns of Reporduction -- 20.3 Morphology of the Reproductive Organs -- 20.4 Breeding Cycles -- 20.5 Hormonal Control of Sex and Reproduction -- 20.6 Hormonal Control in Females -- 20.7 Gonadal Hormones -- 20.8 Puberty -- 20.9 Estrous Behaviour -- 20.10 Ovulation -- 20.11 Sperm Transport in the Female Genital Tract -- 20.12 Implantation -- 20.13 Placentation -- 20.14 Parturition -- 20.15 Lactation -- Chapter 21. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis -- 21.1 The Organization of The Chromosome -- 21.2 Replication of DNA -- 21.3 The Genetic Code -- 21.4 Synthesis of Polyribonucleotides -- 21.5 Protein Synthesis -- Chapter 22. Physiologic Disorders -- 22.1 Organelle Malfunction -- 22.2 Metabolic Disorders -- Chapter 23. Physiological Genetics -- 23.1 The Gene as a Functional Unit -- 23.2 Control of Metabolic Processes -- 23.3 Nucleus-Cytoplasmic Interaction -- 23.4 Transplant Experiments -- 23.5 Genetic Control of Eye Pigments -- 23.6 Genetic Control of Development -- 23.7 Effects of Gene Mutations -- 23.8 Inborn Error of Metabolism: Genic Defects -- Chapter 24. Immune System -- 24.1 Types of Immunity -- 24.2 What are Antigens? -- 24.3 Types of Immunoglobulins -- 24.4 Lymphocytes and the Lymphatic System -- 24.5 Antigen-Antibody Interaction -- 24.6 Transplantation Immunity -- 24.7 Allergy -- Chapter 25. Physiology of Aging -- 25.1 Aging at Cellular Level -- 25.2 Aging at the Molecular Level -- 25.3 Aging of Connective Tissue.

25.4 Aging and Immunological Surveillance -- 25.5 Mental Aspects of Aging -- 25.6 Theories of Aging -- Self Assessment Questions (SAQs) -- Review Questions -- Bibliography -- Index.