Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introductory Convepts -- 1.1 Aim of the Experiment -- 1.2 Importance of Laboratory work -- 1.3 General Instructions for Performing Experiments -- 1.4 How to Record an Experiment in the Practical File -- 1.5 Errors and Observations -- 1.6 Accuracy of Observations -- 1.7 Accuracy of the Result -- 1.8 Permissible Error in the Result -- 1.9 How to Estimate the Permissible Error in the Result -- 1.10 Estimating Maximum Permissible Error -- 1.11 Percentage Error -- 1.12 Significant Figures (Precision of Measurement) -- 1.13 Rounding Off -- 1.14 Logarithms -- 1.15 How to Read Four Figure Logarithm Tables -- 1.16 Graph -- 1.17 Calculations of Slope of a Straight line -- 1.18 International System of Units (S.I. Units) -- 1.19 Rules for Measurements in the Laboratory -- Chapter 2 Instruments and Accessories -- 2.1 Some Instruments for Measurement of Length -- 2.2 Travelling Microscope -- 2.3 Cathetometer -- 2.4 The Balance -- 2.5 The Optical Bench -- 2.6 Parallax -- 2.7 The Spectrometer -- 2.8 Adjustements of the Spectrometer -- 2.9 Theory of Schuster's Method -- 2.10 A Sliding Rheostat -- 2.11 Power of Accommodation of the Eye -- 2.12 Visual Angle: Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments -- 2.13 Astronomical (Refracting) Telescope -- 2.14 Reflecting Telescope -- 2.15 Simple Microscope -- 2.16 Compound Microscope -- 2.17 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments -- 2.18 Electron Microscope -- 2.19 Eye-Piece (Oculars) -- 2.20 Huygens Eyepiece -- 2.21 Cardinal Points of a Huygens Eye-Piece -- 2.22 Ramdden Eye-Piece -- 2.23 Cardinal Points of a Ramsden Eye-Piece -- 2.24 Gauss Eye-Piece -- 2.25 Comparison of Eye-Pieces -- 2.26 Spectrum -- 2.27 Sources of Light -- 2.28 Sodium Vapour Lamp -- 2.29 Mercury Vapour Lamp -- 2.30 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Chapter 3 Elasticity -- 3.1 Elasticity -- 3.2 Load -- 3.3 Stress.

3.4 Strain -- 3.5 Hooke's Law -- 3.6 Elastic Limit -- 3.7 Types of Elasticity -- 3.8 Young's Modulus (or Elasticity of Length) -- 3.9 Bulk Modulus (or Elasticity of Volume) -- 3.10 Modulus of Rigidity (Torsion Modulus or Elasticity of Shape) -- 3.11 Axial Modulus -- 3.12 Poisson's Ratio -- 3.13 Relation Between Elastic Constant -- 3.14 Limiting Values of Poison's Ratio -- 3.15 Twisting Couple on a Cylinder -- 3.16 Object ( Barton's apparatus) -- 3.17 Beam -- 3.18 Bending of a Beam -- 3.19 Theory of Simple Bending -- 3.20 Bending Moment -- 3.21 The Cantilever -- 3.22 Beam Supported at Both the ends and Loaded in the Middle -- 3.23 Object (Young's Modulus) -- 3.24 Object (Poission's ratio for rubber) -- 3.25 Fly-Wheel (Moment of Inertia) -- 3.26 Torsion Table (Elasticity) -- 3.27 Object (To Determine the restoring force per unit extension of a spiral spring by statical and dynamical methods and also to determine the mass of the spring) -- 3.28 Object (To Study the oscillations of a rubber band and a spring) -- 3.29 Object ( To determine Young's Modulus of rigidity and Poisson's ratio of the material of a given wire by Searle's Dynamical method) -- 3.30 Object ( To determine the value of the Modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire by a dynamical method using Maxwell's needle) -- 3.31 Object (To study the vatiation of moment of inertia of a system with the variation inth distribution of mass and hence to verify the theorem of parallel axes) -- 3.32 Viva Voce -- Chapter 4 Acceleration due to Gravity -- 4.1 Acceleration due ot gravity -- 4.2 Periodic Motion -- 4.3 Simple Harmonic Motion -- 4.4 Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator -- 4.5 The Simple Pendulum -- 4.6 Drawbacks of a Simple Pendulum -- 4.7 The Compound Pendulum -- 4.8 Centre of Oscillation -- 4.9 Interchangeability of Centres of Suspension and Oscillation.

4.10 Maximum and Minimum Time-Period of a Compound Pendulum -- 4.11 Advantages of a Compound Pendulum -- 4.12 Determination of the Value of G -- 4.13 Object ( To determine the value of 'g' and the moment of inertia of a bar about C.G.by means of a bar pendulum) -- 4.14 Time-Period of a Pendulum for Large Amplitude -- 4.15 Object ( To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity at a place, by means od kater's reversible pendulum.) -- 4.16 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 5 Surface Tension -- 5.1 Surface Tension -- 5.2 Definition of Surface Tension -- 5.3 Surface Energy -- 5.4 Molecular Theory of Surface Tension -- 5.5 Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Glass Tube -- 5.6 Angle of Contact -- 5.7 Excess of Pressure on Curved Surface of Liquid -- 5.8 Capillarity Rise of Liquid -- 5.9 Object (To find the surface Tension of a Liquid (water) by the method of Capillary rise) -- 5.10 Object (To determine the surface tension of a liquid (water) by Jaeger's method) -- 5.11 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 6 Viscosity -- 6.1 Ideal Liquid -- 6.2 Stream-Lined Flow -- 6.3 Principle of Continuity -- 6.4 Energy of a Flowing Liquid -- 6.5 Bernoulli's Theorem -- 6.6 Velocity of Efflux -- 6.7 Viscosity -- 6.8 Critical Velocity -- 6.9 Velocity Gradient and Coefficient of Viscosity -- 6.10 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity -- 6.11 Poiseuille's Formula -- 6.12 Stoke's Law for Viscous Drag on Moving Bodies -- 6.13 Effect of Various Factors on Viscosity of Fluids -- 6.14 Object (Determination of the viscosity of water by method of capillary flow) -- 6.15 Rotating Cylinder Method -- 6.16 Object (To Determine the coefficient of viscosity of water by rotating cyllinder method.) -- 6.17 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 7 Sound -- 7.1 Speed of Transverse wave in stretched string -- 7.2 Vibrations of stretched String -- 7.3 Fundamental and Overtones of a String -- 7.4 Sonometer.

7.5 Object (To determine the frequency of A.C. mains by using a sonometer and a horse-shoe magnet.) -- 7.6 Object (To determine the frequency of A.C. mains or of an electric vibrator, by Melde's experiment using) -- 7.7 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 8 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat -- 8.1 Description of the Callender-and-Barnes Calorimeter -- 8.2 Object (To determine the Mechanical Equivalent of heat(J) by the Callender and Barnes method) -- 8.3 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 9 Thermoelectric Effect -- 9.1 Thermoelectric Effect -- 9.2 Origin of Thermo E.M.F. -- 9.3 Magnitude and Direction of Thermo E.M.F. -- 9.4 Peltier Effect -- 9.5 Peltier Coefficient -- 9.6 Thomson's Effect -- 9.7 Thomson Coefficient -- 9.8 Thermopile -- 9.9 Object (To calibrate a thermocouple and to find out the melting point of naphthalene) -- 9.10 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 10 Refraction and Dispersion of Light -- 10.1 Refraction of light -- 10.2 Refraction Through a Prism -- 10.3 Minimum Deviation -- 10.4 Formula for the Refractive Index of the Prism -- 10.5 Deviation Produced by a Thin Prism -- 10.6 Critical Angle and total Internal Reflection -- 10.7 Dispersion of Light by a Prism -- 10.8 Dispersive Power of an Optical Medium -- 10.9 Production of Pure Spectrum -- 10.10 Object (Determination of the dispersive Power of a Prism) -- 10.11 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 11Interference of Light -- 11.1 Interference -- 11.2 Condition of Interference of Light -- 11.3 Coherent Sources -- 11.4 Phase Difference and Path Difference -- 11.6 Theory of Interference Fringes -- 11.7 Stoke's Treatment ro Explain Change of Phase on Reflection -- 11.8 Interference in thin films -- 11.9 Interference due to reflected light (Thin Films) -- 11.10 Interference due to Transmitted light (Thin Films) -- 11.11 Colours of Thin Films -- 11.12 Non-Reflecting Films -- 11.13 Necessity of a Broad Source.

11.14 Fringes Produced by a Wedge Shaped thin Film -- 11.15 Testing the Planeness of Surfaces -- 11.16 Newton's Rings -- 11.17 Newton's Rings by Transmitted Light -- 11.18 Determination of the Wavelength of Sodium light using Newton's Rings -- 11.19 Refractive Index of a Liquid using Newton's rings -- 11.20 Newton's Rings with Bright centre due to reflected light -- 11.21 Newton's rings with white light -- 11.22 Interference Filter -- 11.23 Object (Measurement of wave length of sodium light by newton's ring) -- 11.24 Viva-Voce -- Chapter 12 Diffraction of Light -- 12.1 Diffraction -- 12.2 Classification of Diffraction -- 12.3 Fresnel's Class of Diffraction -- 12.4 Fraunhoffer Class of Diffraction -- 12.5 Fresnel's Assumptions -- 12.6 Rectilinear Propagation of Light -- 12.7 Zone Plate -- 12.8 Action of a zone Plate for an Incident Spherical Wavefront -- 12.9 Object (Determination of the diameter of a wire by diffraction) -- Chapter 13 Polarisation of Light -- 13.1 Polarization of Transverse Waves -- 13.2 Plane of Polarization -- 13.3 Polarization by Relection -- 13.4 Brewster's Law -- 13.5 Brewster's Window -- 13.6 Polarization by Refraction -- 13.7 Malus Law -- 13.8 Object (To determine the polarizing angle for the glass prism surface and to determine the refractive index of the material using brewster's law) -- 13.9 Double Refraction -- 13.10 Nicol Prism -- 13.11 Uses of Nicol Prism as an Polariser and an Analyser -- 13.12 Principal Refractive Index for Extraordinary Ray -- 13.13 Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light -- 13.14 Quarter Wave Plate -- 13.15 Half Wave Plate -- 13.16 Production of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light -- 13.17 Detection of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light -- 13.18 Optical Activity -- 13.19 Specific Rotation -- 13.20 Laurent's Half Shade Polarimeter -- 13.21 Biquartz.

13.22 Lippich Polarimeter.