Front Cover -- Physical Chemistry -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Periodic Table -- Information Tables -- Chapter 1. Systems, States, and Processes -- 1.1 Scientific Inquiry -- 1.2 Systems and States -- 1.3 Units of Measurements. SI Units -- 1.4 State Functions -- 1.5 The Relationship between Macrostates and Microstates -- 1.6 Processes -- Problems -- Chapter 2. The Equilibrium Macroscopic States of Gases and Liquids -- 2.1 Mathematical Functions and the Equilibrium Macroscopic State of a Simple System -- 2.2 Real Liquids and Solids -- 2.3 Real Gases -- 2.4 The Coexistence of Phases and the Critical Point -- Problems -- Chapter 3. Work, Heat, and Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.1 Work and the State of a System -- 3.2 Heat -- 3.3 Internal Energy. The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 3.4 Calculation of Amounts of Heat and Energy Changes -- 3.5 Enthalpy-A Convenience Variable -- 3.6 Calculation of Enthalpy Changes for Non-Chemical Processes -- 3.7 Calculation of Enthalpy Changes for a Class of Chemical Reactions -- 3.8 Energy Changes of Chemical Reactions -- Problems -- Chapter 4. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy -- 4.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine -- 4.2 The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law. Entropy -- 4.3 The Calculation of Entropy Changes -- 4.4 Statistical Entropy -- 4.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropies -- Problems -- Chapter 5. The Thermodynamics of Real Systems -- 5.1 Criteria for Spontaneous Processes and for Equilibrium. The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies -- 5.2 Fundamental Relations for Closed Simple Systems -- 5.3 Gibbs Energy Calculations -- 5.4 The Description of Multicomponent and Open Systems -- 5.5 Additional Useful Thermodynamic Identities -- 5.6 Euler's Theorem and the Gibbs-Duhem Relation -- Problems -- Chapter 6. Phase Equilibrium.

6.1 The Fundamental Fact of Phase Equilibrium -- 6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule -- 6.3 Phase Equilibrium in a One-Component System -- 6.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions -- 6.5 Surface Structure and Thermodynamics -- 6.6 Surfaces in Multicomponent Systems -- Problems -- Chapter 7. Multicomponent Systems -- 7.1 Ideal Solutions -- 7.2 Henry's Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions -- 7.3 The Activity and the Description of General Systems -- 7.4 Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions -- 7.5 Phase Diagrams for Nonideal Mixtures -- 7.6 Colligative Properties -- Problems -- Chapter 8. The Thermodynamics of Chemical Equilibrium -- 8.1 Gibbs Energy Changes and Equilibria of Chemical Reactions. The Equilibrium Constant -- 8.2 Reactions Involving Gases and Pure Substances -- 8.3 Chemical Equilibrium in Solution -- 8.4 Equilibria in Solutions of Strong Electrolytes -- 8.5 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations -- 8.6 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants. The Principle of Le Châtelier -- 8.7 Chemical Reactions and Biological Systems -- Problems -- Chapter 9. The Thermodynamics of Electrical Systems -- 9.1 The Chemical Potential and the Electric Potential -- 9.2 Electrochemical Cells at Equilibrium -- 9.3 Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Potentials -- 9.4 The Determination of Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes -- 9.5 Thermodynamic Information from Electrochemistry -- Problems -- Chapter 10. Gas Kinetic Theory. The Molecular Theory of Dilute Gases at Equilibrium -- 10.1 The Model System for a Dilute Gas -- 10.2 The Velocity Probability Distribution -- 10.3 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds -- 10.4 The Pressure of an Ideal Gas -- 10.5 Wall Collisions and Effusion -- 10.6 The Model System with Potential Energy -- 10.7 The Hard-Sphere Gas -- 10.8 The Molecular Structure of Liquids -- Problems -- Chapter 11. Transport Processes.

11.1 The Macroscopic Description of Nonequilibrium States -- 11.2 Transport Processes -- 11.3 Transport Processes in the Hard-Sphere Gas -- 11.4 The Structure of Liquids and Transport Processes in Liquids -- 11.5 Transport in Electrolyte Solutions -- Problems -- Chapter 12. The Rates of Chemical Reactions -- 12.1 The Macroscopic Description of Chemically Reacting Systems -- 12.2 Forward Reactions with one Reactant -- 12.3 Forward Reactions with More Than One Reactant -- 12.4 Inclusion of a Reverse Reaction. Chemical Equilibrium -- 12.5 Consecutive Reactions and Competing Reactions -- 12.6 The Experimental Study of Fast Reactions -- Problems -- Chapter 13. Chemical Reaction Mechanisms -- 13.1 Reaction Mechanisms and Elementary Processes in Gases -- 13.2 Elementary Reactions in Liquid Solutions -- 13.3 The Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants. The Collision Theory of Bimolecular Gaseous Reactions -- 13.4 Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws -- 13.5 Some Additional Mechanisms, Including Chain and Photochemical Mechanisms. Competing Mechanisms -- 13.6 Catalysis -- 13.7 Experimental Molecular Study of Chemical Reactions -- Problems -- Chapter 14. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. I. Classical Waves and the Schrödinger Equation -- 14.1 Classical Mechanics -- 14.2 Classical Waves -- 14.3 The Old Quantum Theory -- 14.4 De Broglie Waves and the Schrödinger Equation -- 14.5 The Particle in a Box. The Free Particle -- 14.6 The Harmonic Oscillator -- Problems -- Chapter 15. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. II. The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics -- 15.1 The First Two Postulates of Quantum Mechanics -- 15.2 Mathematical Operators -- 15.3 Postulate 3. Mathematical Operators Corresponding to Mechanical Variables in Quantum Mechanics -- 15.4 Postulate 4. Expectation Values -- 15.5 Postulate 5. The Determination of the State of a System -- Problems.

Chapter 16. The Electronic States of Atoms. I. The Hydrogen Atom and the Simple Orbital Approximation for Multielectron Atoms -- 16.1 The Hydrogen Atom and the Central Force System. Angular Momentum -- 16.2 The Wave Functions of the Hydrogen Atom -- 16.3 The Helium Atom in the "Zero-Order" Orbital Approximation -- 16.4 Atoms with More Than Two Electrons -- Problems -- Chapter 17. The Electronic States of Atoms. II. Higher-Order Approximations for Multielectron Atoms -- 17.1 The Variation Method and Its Application to the Helium Atom -- 17.2 The Perturbation Method and Its Application to the Helium Atom -- 17.3 The Self-Consistent Field Method -- 17.4 Excited States of the Helium Atom -- 17.5 Atoms with More than Two Electrons -- Problems -- Chapter 18. The Electronic States of Molecules -- 18.1 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. The Hydrogen Molecule Ion -- 18.2 LCAO-MOs-Molecular Orbitals That Are Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals -- 18.3 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules -- 18.4 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules -- 18.5 Symmetry in Polyatomic Molecules. Groups of Symmetry Operators -- 18.6 Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules -- 18.7 More Advanced Treatments of Molecular Electronic Structure -- Problems -- Chapter 19. Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational States of Atoms and Molecules -- 19.1 Translational Motions of Atoms -- 19.2 The Nonelectronic States of Diatomic Molecules -- 19.3 Rotation and Vibration in Polyatomic Molecules -- 19.4 The Equilibrium Populations of Molecular States -- Problems -- Chapter 20. Spectroscopy and Photochemistry -- 20.1 Emmission/Absorption Spectroscopy and Energy Levels -- 20.2 The Spectra of Atoms -- 20.3 Rotational and Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules -- 20.4 Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules -- 20.5 Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules.

20.6 Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Photochemistry -- 20.7 Other Types of Spectroscopy -- 20.8 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 20.9 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy -- Problems -- Chapter 21. Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics -- 21.1 The Quantum Statistical Mechanics of a Sample System of Four Harmonic Oscillators -- 21.2 The Probability Distribution for a Dilute Gas -- 21.3 The Probability Distribution and the Molecular Partition Function -- 21.4 The Calculation of Molecular Partition Functions -- 21.5 Calculations of Thermodynamic Functions of Dilute Gases -- 21.6 Chemical Equilibrium in Dilute Gases -- 21.7 The Activated Complex Theory of Bimolecular Chemical Reactions in Dilute Gases -- 21.8 The Canonical Ensemble -- 21.9 Classical Statistical Mechanics -- Problems -- Chapter 22. The Structure of Solids and Liquids -- 22.1 General Features of Solids -- 22.2 Crystal Vibrations -- 22.3 The Electronic Structure of Crystalline Solids -- 22.4 The Structure of Liquids -- 22.5 Polymer Formation and Conformation -- 22.6 Rubber Elasticity -- 22.7 Polymers in Solution -- Problems -- Chapter 23. Some Additional Theories of Nonequilibrium Processes -- 23.1 Theories of Unimolecular Chemical Reactions -- 23.2 The Molecular Case History of a Chemical Reaction -- 23.3 Theories of Transport Processes in Fluid Systems -- 23.4 Nonequilibrium Electrochemistry -- 23.5 Electrical Conductivity in Solids -- Problems -- Appendixes -- A. Tables of Numerical Data -- B. Some Useful Mathematics -- C. A Short Table of Integrals -- D. Classical Mechanics -- E. Some Derivations of Thermodynamic Formulas and Methods -- F. Some Mathematics in Quantum Mechanics -- G. The Perturbation Method -- H. The Hükel Method -- I. Matrix Representations of Groups -- J. Symbols Used in This Book -- K. Answers to Selected Exercises and Problems -- Additional Reading -- Index.