Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters -- Contents -- Note from the Series Editor -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Electric Propulsion Background -- 1.2 Electric Thruster Types -- 1.3 Ion Thruster Geometry -- 1.4 Hall Thruster Geometry -- 1.5 Beam/plume Characteristics -- References -- Chapter 2: Thruster Principles -- 2.1 The Rocket Equation -- 2.2 Force Transfer in Ion and Hall Thrusters -- 2.3 Thrust -- 2.4 Specific Impulse -- 2.5 Thruster Efficiency -- 2.6 Power Dissipation -- 2.7 Neutral Densities and Ingestion in Electric Thrusters -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 3: Basic Plasma Physics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Maxwell's Equations -- 3.3 Single Particle Motions -- 3.4 Particle Energies and Velocities -- 3.5 Plasma as a Fluid -- 3.5.1 Momentum Conservation -- 3.5.2 Particle Conservation -- 3.5.3 Energy Conservation -- 3.6 Diffusion in Partially Ionized Gases -- 3.6.1 Collisions -- 3.6.2 Diffusion and Mobility Without a Magnetic Field -- 3.6.3 Diffusion Across Magnetic Fields -- 3.7 Sheaths at the Boundaries of Plasmas -- 3.7.1 Debye Sheaths -- 3.7.2 Pre-Sheaths -- 3.7.3 Child-Langmuir Sheaths -- 3.7.4 Generalized Sheath Solution -- 3.7.5 Double Sheaths -- 3.7.6 Summary of Sheath Effects -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 4: Ion Thruster Plasma Generators -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Idealized Ion Thruster Plasma Generator -- 4.3 DC Discharge Ion Thruster -- 4.3.1 Generalized 0-D Ring-Cusp Ion Thruster Model -- 4.3.2 Magnetic Multipole Boundaries -- 4.3.3 Electron Confinement -- 4.3.4 Ion Confinement at the Anode Wall -- 4.3.5 Ion and Excited Neutral Production -- 4.3.6 Neutral and Primary Densities in the Discharge Chamber -- 4.3.7 Power and Energy Balance in the Discharge Chamber -- 4.3.8 Discharge Loss -- 4.3.9 Discharge Stability -- 4.3.10 Recycling Behavior.

4.3.11 Limitations of a 0-D Model -- 4.4 Kaufman Ion Thrusters -- 4.5 rf Ion Thrusters -- 4.6 Microwave Ion Thrusters -- 4.7 2-D Computer Models of the Ion Thruster Discharge Chamber -- 4.7.1 Neutral Atom Model -- 4.7.2 Primary Electron Motion and Ionization Model -- 4.7.3 Discharge Chamber Model Results -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 5: Ion Thruster Accelerator Grids -- 5.1 Grid Configurations -- 5.2 Ion Accelerator Basics -- 5.3 Ion Optics -- 5.3.1 Ion Trajectories -- 5.3.2 Perveance Limits -- 5.3.3 Grid Expansion and Alignment -- 5.4 Electron Backstreaming -- 5.5 High-Voltage Considerations -- 5.5.1 Electrode Breakdown -- 5.5.2 Molybdenum Electrodes -- 5.5.3 Carbon-Carbon Composite Materials -- 5.5.4 Pyrolytic Graphite -- 5.5.5 Hold-off and Conditioning in Ion Thrusters -- 5.6 Ion Accelerator Grid Life -- 5.6.1 Grid Models -- 5.6.2 Barrel Erosion -- 5.6.3 Pits-and-Grooves Erosion -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 6: Hollow Cathodes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Cathode Configurations -- 6.3 Thermionic Electron Emitter Characteristics -- 6.4 Insert Region Plasma -- 6.5 Orifice Region Plasma -- 6.6 Hollow Cathode Thermal Models -- 6.7 Cathode Plume-Region Plasma -- 6.8 Hollow Cathode Life -- 6.8.1 Dispenser Cathodes in Insert Plasmas -- 6.8.2 Cathode Insert Temperature -- 6.8.3 Barium Depletion Model -- 6.8.4 Bulk-Material Insert Life -- 6.8.5 Cathode Poisoning -- 6.9 Keeper Wear and Life -- 6.10 Hollow Cathode Operation -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 7: Hall Thrusters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Thruster Operating Principles and Scaling -- 7.2.1 Crossed-Field Structure and the Hall Current -- 7.2.2 Ionization Length and Scaling -- 7.2.3 Potential and Current Distributions -- 7.3 Hall Thruster Performance Models -- 7.3.1 Hall Thruster Efficiency -- 7.3.2 Multiply Charged Ion Correction -- 7.3.3 Dominant Power Loss Mechanisms.

7.3.4 Plasma Electron Temperature -- 7.3.5 Hall Thruster Efficiency (Dielectric Walls) -- 7.3.6 TAL Hall Thruster Efficiency (Metallic Walls) -- 7.3.7 Dielectric-Wall Versus Metallic-Wall Comparison -- 7.4 Channel Physics and Numerical Modeling -- 7.4.1 Hybrid Hall Thruster Models -- 7.4.2 Steady-State Modeling Results -- 7.4.3 Oscillations in Hall Thrusters -- 7.5 Hall Thruster Life -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 8: Ion and Hall Thruster Plumes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plume Physics -- 8.2.1 Plume Measurements -- 8.2.2 Flight Data -- 8.2.3 Laboratory Plume Measurements -- 8.3 Plume Models -- 8.3.1 Primary Beam Expansion -- 8.3.2 Neutral Gas Plumes -- 8.3.3 Secondary-Ion Generation -- 8.4 Spacecraft Interactions -- 8.4.1 Momentum of the Plume Particles -- 8.4.2 Sputtering and Contamination -- 8.4.3 Plasma Interactions with Solar Arrays -- 8.5 Interactions with Payloads -- 8.5.1 Microwave Phase Shift -- 8.5.2 Plume Plasma Optical Emission -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 9: Flight Ion and Hall Thrusters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion Thrusters -- 9.3 Hall Thrusters -- References -- Appendices -- A: Nomenclature -- B: Gas Flow Unit Conversions and Cathode Pressure Estimates -- C: Energy Loss by Electrons -- D: Ionization and Excitation Cross Sections for Xenon -- E: Ionization and Excitation Reaction Rates for Xenon in Maxwellian Plasmas -- F: Electron Relaxation and Thermalization Times -- G: Clausing Factor Monte Carlo Calculation -- Index.