Contents -- Preface -- 1 The properties of water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The structure of pure water -- 1.3 Some unusual attributes of water -- 1.4 The colligative properties of water -- 1.5 The activity coefficient -- 1.6 The activity of water -- Suggested additional readings -- 2 Osmosis -- 2.1 The phenomenon of osmosis -- 2.2 The reflection coefficient -- 2.3 Osmotic pressure -- Suggested additional readings -- 3 The interaction of water with organic solutes -- 3.1 The effects of polar solutes -- 3.2 The primary structure of proteins -- 3.3 The secondary and tertiary structure of proteins -- 3.4 The quaternary structure of proteins -- 3.5 The interaction of lipids with water in the cell -- 3.6 Membranes are ubiquitous -- Suggested additional readings -- 4 The need for, and often conflicting issues of, osmoregulation and volume regulation -- 4.1 Osmotic regulation -- 4.2 Volume regulation -- 4.3 Compatible solutes -- Suggested additional readings -- 5 Osmoconformers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Marine invertebrates -- 5.3 Osmoconforming chordates -- Suggested additional readings -- 6 Hyporegulators -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General principles -- 6.3 Marine teleosts -- 6.4 Marine reptiles -- 6.5 Marine birds -- 6.6 Marine mammals -- 6.7 Saline-tolerant mosquitoes -- 6.8 Brine flies -- 6.9 Crustaceans (brine shrimp) -- Suggested additional readings -- 7 Hyper-regulators: life in fresh water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Freshwater fish -- 7.3 Amphibians -- 7.4 Reptiles -- 7.5 Birds and mammals -- 7.6 Insects -- 7.7 Crayfish -- 7.8 Mollusks -- 7.9 Freshwater amoebae -- 7.10 Summary -- Suggested additional readings -- 8 Terrestrial animals -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The terrestrial environment can be associated with enormous gradients for the activity of water -- 8.3 Osmoregulatory strategies among terrestrial animals -- 8.4 Terrestrial vertebrates.

8.5 Water uptake by arthropods from a subsaturated atmosphere -- Suggested additional readings -- 9 Membranes as sites of energy transduction -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mitochondrial ATP production -- 9.3 Vertebrate intestinal epithelial cells -- 9.4 The integument of marine larvae -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Suggested additional readings -- 10 Transport of ions and water in epithelia: molecular insights -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Insect Malpighian tubules -- 10.3 The mitochondria-rich cells of freshwater animals -- 10.4 The collecting tubule of the mammalian kidney -- 10.5 On the more general distribution of aquaporins -- Suggested additional readings -- 11 Volume and osmotic regulation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Cell volume regulation -- 11.3 Sensing osmotic concentration -- 11.4 Osmotic homeostasis in insects -- 11.5 The mammalian kidney -- 11.6 Summary -- Suggested additional readings -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- M -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.