Contents -- List of Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- 1 Introducing evolutionary thinking for medicine -- Introduction -- Mismatched to modernity -- Infection -- Reproduction -- Populations have histories -- Evolutionary technologies -- The nature of evolutionary explanations -- Natural selection -- Random events and neutral variation: how neutral evolution works -- Trade-offs -- Macroevolution -- Conclusion -- What doctors need to know about evolution and why -- Part II: The history and variation of human genes -- 2 Global spatial patterns of infectious diseases and human evolution -- Introduction -- Geographical aspects of human diseases -- Pathogen distribution and human genetic evolution -- Infectious diseases and human life-history traits -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 3 Medically relevant variation in the human genome -- Introduction -- Molecular markers -- Linkage disequilibrium, recombination and haplotype blocks -- The HapMap project -- Structural variation -- Inference of evolutionary processes -- Causal SNPs and the magnitude of their effects -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 4 Health consequences of ecogenetic variation -- Introduction -- Genetic basis of variation in drug metabolism and response -- Genetic basis of monogenic drug reactions -- Genetic basis of complex pharmacogenetic traits -- Genetic basis of chemosensory perception and food preferences -- The structure of human populations -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- 5 Human genetic variation of medical significance -- Introduction -- The pattern of human genetic variation -- Complex disease and evolution -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Part III: Natural selection and evolutionary conflicts -- 6 Intimate relations: Evolutionary conflicts of pregnancy and childhood -- Introduction -- Parental justice -- Internal conflicts -- Credibility problems.

Pregnancy termination -- Maternal circulation -- Preeclampsia -- Growth -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 7 How hormones mediate trade-offs in human health and disease -- Introduction: Hormones, life history, evolution, and health -- Hormones and trade-offs in males -- Hormones and female reproductive trade-offs -- Contemporary medical implications -- Summary -- 8 Functional significance of MHC variation in mate choice, reproductive outcome, and disease risk -- Introduction -- Genes of the major histocompatibility complex -- Pathogen-mediated selection on MHC genes -- Sexual selection on MHC genes -- MHC-linked olfactory cues -- MHC and reproductive outcome -- HLA-G in reproduction, immune regulation, and disease -- The cost of protection: non-adaptive consequences of MHC diversity -- Conclusions -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 9 Perspectives on human health and disease from evolutionary and behavioral ecology -- Introduction -- Phenotypic plasticity -- Kin selection theory -- Life-history theory -- Parental investment theory -- Sexual selection theory -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Part IV: Pathogens: resistance, virulence, variation, and emergence -- 10 The ecology and evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria -- Introduction -- History of clinical antibiotic resistance -- Genetic mechanisms -- Natural ecology -- Population genetics -- Applying evolution/approaches for the future -- Conclusions -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 11 Pathogen evolution in a vaccinated world -- Introduction -- Vaccines have consequences for pathogen evolution -- Why has vaccination worked despite evolution? -- Pathogen adaptation in vaccinated populations -- The health consequences of vaccine-adapted pathogens -- Predicting evolution -- Watching evolution -- Coda -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 12 The evolution and expression of virulence -- Introduction.

Outline of this chapter -- Defining virulence -- Artificial virulence evolution and live vaccines -- The three phases of the evolution of infectious diseases -- Mechanisms of virulence remain to be considered -- Variation of hosts impacts the expression and evolution of virulence -- Virulence has a direct benefit for the parasite -- Can we manage the evolution of virulence? -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 13 Evolutionary origins of diversity in human viruses -- Introduction -- Origins of human viruses -- Origins of diversity within human viruses -- Herpesviruses -- AIDS viruses -- Influenza A viruses -- Dengue viruses -- Comparisons among viruses -- Summary -- 14 The population structure of pathogenic bacteria -- Introduction -- Population structure -- Effective population size -- Helicobacter pylori -- Streptococcus pyogenes -- Salmonella typhi -- Further considerations -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 15 Whole-genome analysis of pathogen evolution -- Introduction -- Long-term evolution of pathogens -- Short-term evolution of pathogens -- Stochastic variation/hypermutability -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 16 Emergence of new infectious diseases -- Introduction -- Which diseases emerge? -- Disease emergence as a biological process -- Examples of emerging infectious diseases -- Practical implications of disease emergence -- Summary -- 17 Evolution of parasites -- Virulence and transmission in public health and evolution -- The evolution of virulence in control programs -- The problem of virulence -- The problem of the trade-off -- Beyond the trade-off model -- A molecular and an experimental approach to the evolution of parasites -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Part V: Noninfectious and degenerative disease -- 18 Evolutionary biology as a foundation for studying aging and aging-related disease -- Introduction -- Defining and measuring aging.

The canonical evolutionary models of aging -- Molecular mechanisms of aging -- Merging molecular mechanisms with evolutionary theory -- Going beyond traditional evolutionary models of aging -- Concluding remarks -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 19 Evolution, developmental plasticity, and metabolic disease -- Introduction: diseases of excess or deficiency? -- The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) paradigm -- Epigenetic mechanisms -- An integrated response to developmental cues -- A developmental and evolutionary synthesis -- Medical and public health implications -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 20 Lifestyle, diet, and disease: comparative perspectives on the determinants of chronic health risks -- Introduction -- Evolutionary energetics -- Influence of lifestyle change on daily energy expenditure -- How changes in lifestyle influence energy intake and diet composition -- Health consequences of energy and nutritional imbalances -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 21 Cancer: evolutionary origins of vulnerability -- Introduction: a risky species? -- Evolutionary basis of vulnerability to cancer -- Lack of perfection in evolutionary engineering -- Evolutionary adaptation has 'no eyes to the future' -- The inevitability of natural selection -- The only evolutionary currency is reproductive success -- Implications -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 22 Cancer as a microevolutionary process -- The concept of somatic evolution as a way of thinking about cancer -- Cancer initiation and chromosomal instability -- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and resistance against small molecule inhibitors -- Conclusions -- 23 The evolutionary context of human aging and degenerative disease -- Introduction -- Aging as a by-product of selection for reproductive performance -- Genes and aging -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D.

E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.